Amway Essay 9

Amway summary Introduction Amway is one of the world’s largest direct sales companies. It was founded in 1959 and is still owned by the families that founded it. It employs 14,000 people worldwide and markets over 450 product lines. A key part of its success is its three million ABOs (Amway Business Owners) spread round 80 countries. Amway enables these people to have a business of their own. Amway recognises that it has other responsibilities, for example, to the communities in which it works. Its global vision is to help people lead better lives. Stakeholders Stakeholders are groups or individuals who have an interest in the decisions of the company and its business. Stakeholders can be external, like suppliers, customers or the public or internal, such as employees, or shareholders. Different types of stakeholders may have different priorities or interests. Amway has to balance out the different priorities. The families that own Amway are its only shareholders. Amway communicates regularly with stakeholders through websites, email, events, publications and membership of trade bodies. How stakeholders affect Amway Amway is a direct selling company, cutting out retail outlets and selling straight to consumers. It has its own supply chain through ABOs. Amway needs feedback from ABOs and customers to know how well it is doing and to improve service. ABOs are independent small businesses, but rely on Amway suppliers to produce quality goods. How Amway affects stakeholders Amway’s vision to ‘help people lead better lives’ explains how it works with communities. It promotes corporate social responsibility (CSR) around the globe. This means that it meets its wider duties to the communities in which it works. This involves supporting good causes and acting in an ethical way. Amway supports its stakeholders in a number of ways. These include making good products and giving support to social programmes. It has a partnership with the children’s charity UNICEF. It helps provide vaccinations to combat the world’s six most deadly diseases. It has chosen this charity because its ABOs were most concerned about families. Ethical business Ethical businesses act to improve the communities where they work. Amway’s business ethics give it a clear framework in which to work. Acting in an ethical way, however, also gives it a positive business advantage. Its ‘One by One’ programme is good for the environment and also good for business. This programme supports organic farming, aims to reduce waste and packaging and aims to switch to renewable energy sources. These actions carry a cost, but this can be balanced against the benefits to both the business and the community. Conclusion Amway has to balance the needs of its many different stakeholders. It sets high standards of ethical behaviour and codes of conduct to make sure these are upheld. Its CSR programme helps the environment, its own employees and disadvantaged children all around the world.

Laser corrective vision surgery

Clarity of vision depends upon how well cornea and lens permit rays to fall on to the retina on cones and rods. Light rays refract and bend on to focus on to the retina to form a clear image. There are two photoreceptors cones (which color sensitive) and rods (which is dim light sensitive). These send signals to brain though optic nerve. If the shape of the cornea is abnormal light does not fall properly or proper image is not formed on the back of cornea. (Fletcher, 2007) This is called refractive error. This can be corrected by refractive surgery. Refractive errors include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism (an irregularly shaped cornea which causes blurring), and presbyopia (similar to hyperopia, a condition which causes the lens to harden). Refractive eye surgery helps to reduce or eliminate a person's dependency on eyeglasses or contact lenses. (NYP, 2007) There are several types of refractive surgery; proper diagnostics can only determine which is needed by whom. It can well be stated that â€Å"compared with surface ablation, LASIK results in earlier and faster improvement of uncorrected visual acuity, and has less (or almost no) postoperative discomfort, improved stability, and predictability.† (Agingeye, 2007) At the same note it can also be stated that â€Å"with LASIK, however, the risks of flap-related complications (wrinkles, debris, folds, buttonhole, and diffuse lamellar keratitis) may be associated with the creation of the lamellar flap.† (Agingeye, 2007) Precautions of laser correction surgeries are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eyes should be healthy 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patient should be adult 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stable vision for a year or so. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If pregnant surgery should be performed on after evaluating the shape of corneas. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should not have Degenerative or autoimmune diseases. (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some of risks in LASIK are 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients lose vision 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some patients develop debilitating visual symptoms. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   irregular astigmatism, which can decrease the corrected vision 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   corneal haze or glare 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overcorrected or undercorrected vision 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   inability to wear contact lenses in the future 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   loss of the corneal flap, requiring a corneal graft 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   scarring 9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   infection (Roberts, 2007) 10) vision loss 11) develop severe dry eye syndrome 12) Irregular Astigmatism 13) Keratectasia 14) Night Vision Problems or Night Glare and Halos 15) Central Islands 16) Epithelial Ingrowth Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis (DLK) (Banerjee, 2005) Lasik has its benefits too. It is performed under a protective layer of corneal tissue. As a result, there is less surface area to heal, less risk of scarring, less risk of corneal haze, less postoperative discomfort, less postoperative need for medications, and vision returns more rapidly, often within a day or so. It can an also treat a higher range of vision errors. (Grochmaleye, 2007) One testimony to this is available from the US military. It is stated that â€Å"the U.S. military also has adopted widespread use of refractive surgery including LASIK to decrease reliance of troops on artificial lenses or eyewear as evidenced by the more than 16,000 U.S. Army personnel who underwent refractive surgery from 2000 through 2003. Studies of these outcomes showed that 86% achieved 20/20 or better uncorrected vision and 98% achieved 20/40 or better, which legally is considered good enough for driving without eyewear or contact lenses.† (Allaboutvision, 2007) Some Statistics are in this context can be stated as follows: Patient Results Three Months After Treatment Procedure 20/20 or Better 20/40 or Better LASIK for myopia 42.0% to 84.8% 76.8% to 99.4% LASIK for hyperopia 48.8% to 58.3% 93.4% to 98.3% PRK for myopia and hyperopia* 67% (approximate) 95% (approximate) (AAO, 2007) In conclusion it can be stated that the method has both positive and negative aspects. It should be remembered that the use of laser was approved by the FDA’s Medical Devices Advisory Committee in the context of the Ophthalmic Devices Panel and the effectiveness and safety was proved with the help of various clinical studies. (FDA, 2007) The FDA evaluated several case studies on the method and after analysis of 1,013 eyes LASIK performances that was carried out in thirteen centers of medicine over the period of half year it was found that â€Å"of the 1,013 eyes treated, 92 percent were corrected to 20/40 or better and 47 percent were corrected to 20/20 or better without glasses or contact lenses.† (FDA, 2007) However, in accordance to FDA it could be stated that â€Å"short-term side effects included pain (for 24 to 48 hours), corneal swelling, double vision and light sensitivity. In some patients these effects lasted for several weeks.†(FDA, 2007) Thus this could be termed as a well tested process but it needs more time and application to become a complete water-tight method. It could be stated that more work on the subject is necessary. References: American Academy of Ophthalmology; (2007); Ophthalmology Report 2007; Sydney: Allied Publications Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik Criteria; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik-criteria.htm Allaboutvision; (2007); Lasik complication; allaboutvision.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/lasik_complication_1.htm Banerjee, D; (2007); Details from Medical Journals of AIIMS; New Delhi: AIIMS Fletcher, R; (2007); Medical Principals: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowing; Dunedin: Howard ; Price Grochmaleye; (2007); Lasik benefits; grochmaleye.com; retrieved on 10.02.2008 from http://www.grochmaleye.com/lasik_benefits.html

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting Madam NTR is a 34 years old Malay lady with gravida 4 and parity 3, currently at 37 weeks of gestations. She was admitted on 21st Nov 2010 at gestational age of 30 weeks and 1 day, due to referral from Health Clinic Sendayan in view of placenta previa based on ultrasound findings during a routine antenatal visit. Her estimated date of delivery was on 20th Jan 2011. She was asymptomatic with no complaints of per vaginal bleeding, contraction pain, leaking liquor or show. Fetal movements were felt and were not reduced. She has no history of placenta previa in her previous pregnancies. The first day of her last normal menstrual period was on 15th Apr 2010. This was an unexpected pregnancy but both her and her husband wanted it. She suspected she was pregnant when she missed her menses for 4 weeks. She confirmed her pregnancy after urine pregnancy test done in a private clinic yielded positive result. Booking was done in Maternal and Child Health Clinic Gadong at 16 weeks of gestation a nd the dating scan at 16 weeks revealed parameters corresponding to date. However, placenta was noted to be low lying during that scan. Throughout her routine antenatal visits, she was normotensive, not anaemic and did not have diabetes mellitus. HIV and VDRL test were negative. Her blood group type is O Rh DÂ  positive. This is her fourth pregnancy. Her third pregnancy was in the year of 2007. She delivered a full term baby boy with birth weight of 2.6 kg via caesarean delivery due to breech presentation in Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban. She delivered her first two children who are both males in the year of 2004 and 2005 via spontaneous vaginal delivery, with birth weight of 4.26kg and 2.6kg respectively. There was no history of shoulder dystocia. All her children were born alive and well. Antenatal, natal and postnatal for all previous pregnancies were uneventful. She attained menarche at the age of 12. It is regular at 28 to 30 days cycle with duration of 5 to 7 days. There wa s neither dysmenorrhea nor menorrhagia. She practised coitus interuptus as contraceptive measure. She never had any PAP smear done previously. Past surgical, medical and drug history were unremarkable. Family history was unremarkable. She and her husband are married for 7 years. They are staying together with their three children in Gadong Jaya Village. She is a housewife. She neither smokes nor drinks alcohol. On the other hand, her husband works as a construction worker. He is a smoker but not alcoholic. Family income is approximately RM2000 per month which is barely adequate for their living. Physical examination: Madam NTR was alert, conscious and communicative. She was not in pain or respiratory distress. Her height and weight are 165cm and 76kg respectively. Her blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg; pulse rate was 86 beats per minute of regular rhythm and strong volume; temperature was 37Â ° C; respiratory rate was 19 breaths per minute. All vital signs were within normal range. Up on general examination, there was no conjunctival pallor, sclera jaundice, palmar erythema or peripheral cyanosis. Thyroid glands were not palpable and breast examination was unremarkable. There was bilateral pedal edema up to mid-shin. Cardiopulmonary examination was unremarkable.

Students are required to write a report using correct report writing Essay

Students are required to write a report using correct report writing and referencing techniques on a topic of there choice. Topi - Essay Example We were not connected by the fact that we were social scientists, but by Bollywood. Because of that Bollywood song, I felt a cultural kinship with this man. (Gowricharn cited in Assisi, n.d.). The difference between the East and West is ingrained in the difference between the Hollywood and Bollywood respectively. Hollywood films are characterized by their quality of cinematography, action and graphics. On the other hand, Bollywood films are famous for their songs, tragedy and drama. These elements mark the history of the respective nations that are associated with them. Technology is the strength of USA and arts and crafts are the strong areas of the Indian culture. India has seen a long history of Moughal rulership. Moughal kings were very fond of songs and dance. Listening songs was their favorite pastime. The same culture was passed down the line to everybody in the society. That was the time when West was busy exploring the nature and making technological advancement. The British industrial revolution of the 19th century opened the gate to technological advancement and the trend spread far and wide everywhere in the West including America. The influence of British industrial revolution of the 19th century was so widespread because Britain ruled a lot of countries in the world. Over the centuries, West has reached the apogee of technological advancement. Today, they make use of the best quality cameras for making their movies like The Master Course. â€Å"The Master Course is a powerful system of single-camera blocking and an unprecedented language of camera work, that may fundamentally change the way you direct† (Hollywood Camera Work, 2011). That is why, they come out far better in graphics, effects and print than Indian movies do. However, Hollywood movies lack songs. Every movie that is made in Bollywood has at least five to six songs. People normally place more emphasis upon the effects and quality of print that reflects in the Hollywood films an d tend to underestimate the songs that are the strength of the Bollywood movies. This is primarily an outcome of the influence of the West that has dominated the East for a major part of the history. A lot of Bollywood movies copy the stories or ideas of the Hollywood movies whereas the same cannot be said for the Hollywood movies. In this sense, Hollywood is far more original as compared to Bollywood that has tried to imitate Hollywood a number of times. A potential example of this is the movie Omkara that was released a couple of years ago in Bollywood that is actually a Hindi version of the play Othello written by Shakespeare. Indian filmmakers have changed the names of the characters, but the starting alphabets remain the same which also serve as a hint that the movie is based on Othello. For the character Lago in Othello, there is Langra Bhayya in Omkara. Othello is played by Omkara. Desdimona’s character is played by Dolly. Similarly, other first alphabets of the names of all other characters have been maintained as such. The fact that Bollywood has copied Hollywood a number of times also reflects the Indian psychology that has historically been inspired by the West. Indians wear pant shirt like Americans but Americans don’t wear kurta dhoti like Indians. Most Indians learn and speak English but there is only a small number of Americans that tend to learn and speak Hindi. The difference

Precis for two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Precis for two articles - Essay Example The effect is seen as the forest size in the state was reduced significantly. The author also notes that there have been challenges in saving trees in the region. One of the biggest challenges has been due to political consideration. This is because the area has a vast population of people making a large political base. Additionally, the government has been supporting voters at the expense of environmentalist. In fact, the frustration to the environmentalist has led to resignation of environment minister in the government. The other challenge has been on government policies such as Plano Amazonia. The policy of expanding infrastructure has also led to increased effect on the forest. Moreover, poor economic status has led to increased deforestation as some people depend on logging as a source of livelihood. As a result, clearing trees creates ways for cattle farmers to sow grass and raise their cattle’s. In fact, increased interest for land has led to murder especially in Para. However, there have been some initiatives for saving the forest. First, there has been a passage of land reform bill by the congress. Secondly, the government is engaging in improving economic status of the residence through commercialization of forest products. Moreover, foreign institutions have joined the effort through the provision of funds aimed at conserving the forest. Additionally, the infrastructure will be built in a sustainable manner. As a result, it is believed the initiatives will help in preserving the forest. The World Resource Institute report notes that the forests are under intense pressure and hence facing substantial environmental challenges. As a result, the pressure has been linked directly and indirectly to human. The significant pressure has been from human settlements. First, there has been increased deforestation for the last decade to create room for

POLITICAL CONSPIRACY AND SLANDER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

POLITICAL CONSPIRACY AND SLANDER - Essay Example However, the investigations were unsuccessful in solving crimes of political slander or even to pinpoint the officials and organizations most probable to have been executors (Pfau 2005). Thus investigations of doubtful political incidents eventually came to be ridiculed as ‘conspiracy theories’ due to the fact that, after reviewing official accounts, they frequently apply vague proofs to hypothesize about threatening schemes and convoluted cover-ups (Goldzwig 2002). As remarked by Stewart and colleagues (1994), â€Å"a conspiracy may be real or imagined, but the process is the same; a chain of apparently unrelated events or actions is linked to reveal concerted actions and intentions to cause all sorts of social, economic, political, religious, and moral problems† (ibid, p. 3). Thus, it is at times hard to discern fantasy from reality. It may be hard to put off disorientation as well. This remains a reality. People of the United States are still prone to be victim s of suspicious events that benefit confer advantage to political elites, and still Americans lack means of finding out whether the events are inevitable incidents or, rather, crimes instigated or allowed by the authorities themselves (Smith 2006). Recent cases in point are the 2000 and 2004 election troubles; the failures of defense on the 9-11 attack; the chain of threats of terrorism circulated based on weak evidence (Katyal 2003). A number of these events were never scrutinized. Others were investigated shallowly. Even the September 11 attack, which gained the most elaborate and systematic investigation, was studied by political insiders who circumvented inquiring whether the incident might have been a conspiracy (Smith 2006). Nevertheless, elites exploited these incidents to defend constraints on civil liberties, a current strategy, and an American militarism, unparalleled for the United States, of preventive conflict (Melley 2000). To be certain, large portions of the U.S. pop ulation and all over the world think that the administration of Bush accepted and may have in some way allowed the 9-11 attack, yet these misgivings are only another group of conspiracy theories that create more issues than clarifications. To transcend incident-specific assumptions of government schemes, the discussion of political conspiracy and slander in this paper would employ social scientific premises for ideas into the widespread occurrence of state assaults on democratic principles and practices. Political Conspiracy and Slander in the United States Even though conspiracy theorists have been unsuccessful to build up a sufficient explanation of state crime, they are worthy of recognition for emphasizing a threatening possibility historically taken for granted by scholars. The latter have investigated different types of state criminality, but in nearly every instance the opportunity for government authorities in liberal democracies to undermine or challenge democratic principl es and practices has been overlooked (Pozen 2010). In criminology and sociology, a large number of studies on state crime have put emphasis on connections between subversive and public organizations, particularly the symbiosis that frequently emerges between organized crime and law enforcement agencies (Pfau 2005). Hardly any intellectuals in these disciplines have also investigated state criminality as a kind of political

Are national service frameworks and quality standards necessary for Essay

Are national service frameworks and quality standards necessary for improving services, and is there any evidence that they are working - Essay Example However, neither the concept nor the implementation ÃŽ ¿f an acute-based, multidisciplinary older persons outreach and support team (OPOST) has been reported in the literature to date. The 2004 report, Better Health in Old Age, from the national director for older peoples health, provides an impressive range ÃŽ ¿f comments, with supporting evidence, on the success ÃŽ ¿f the National Service Framework for Older People (NSF) as seen through the eyes ÃŽ ¿f various stakeholders. This attractively presented document looks back over the three years since the launch ÃŽ ¿f the NSF and forward to a vision ÃŽ ¿f the future. Readers ÃŽ ¿f Nursing Older People may find it somewhat irritating that the image chosen for the cover is in stark contrast to their own experiences ÃŽ ¿f caring for older people. The photograph ÃŽ ¿f older people canoeing, and clearly enjoying it, on the reports cover may have encouraged some newspapers to adopt the theme ÃŽ ¿f taking responsibility for personal fitness as a spur to better health. Tai chi is an increasingly popular form ÃŽ ¿f exercise, suitable for many older people, and given the imminent publication ÃŽ ¿f the White Paper on public health it was no surprise that it was used as the focus, and to illustrate news reports. While adopting such a theme is undoubtedly a positive approach it may also mask many ÃŽ ¿f the other significant achievements. My chosen theme is climate change. Let me explain what I mean. The NSFs first standard is aimed at eliminating ageism and that must, in my view, start with the language and attitudes we use to express ourselves. We have all come a long way from the days when a report describing the pressures emerging as a result ÃŽ ¿f longer life expectancy, and the growth in the number ÃŽ ¿f older people experiencing mental health problems could be published with a title as pejorative as The Rising Tide (HMSO 1983). The health secretary, writing the foreword to the new

Animal Habitat Destruction in Seattle Research Paper

Animal Habitat Destruction in Seattle - Research Paper Example The seaport city has approximately 85 square miles on undeveloped areas that have predominantly native vegetation that provides favorable habitat for wildlife. Even though the city is developed, the available network of habitat provides a significant support for the wildlife species especially the threatened species such as bald eagle and Chinook salmon (Jacob, 2012). The increased habitat destruction has resulted into establishment of Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation lands that is responsible for ensuring that the city’s habitat is maintained in the natural way (Pierce, 2003). According to American Lung Association, Seattle area is among the dirtiest areas in terms of fine particle pollution. These include microscopic dust, chemicals, diesel exhaust, aerosols, and metals. The aim of this paper is to discuss the Seattle animal habitat destruction by touching on the reasons that lead to habitat destruction, the impact of habitat destruction and most important the solu tions of it. As the human population around Seattle region increase, the demand for fish and other forms of food varieties has increased. For example, salmon, which is the cultural icon in the area, has been used as the source of food resulting to their decrease (Arbault and Sastrapradja, 1995). Thus, the demand for food has been one of the causes of decrease in the number of animals. Seattle is a developed city that has various business activities and production facilities. As a result, there is extensive ocean water pollution due to the chemicals produced from the factories. Water pollution in Seattle region originates from human activities within the streets of the city that produce wastes that are carried to the ocean. Other pollutants that directly affect fish species in Seattle include pesticides and petrochemicals including gas and oil. Additionally, the nitrogen, phosphorus and animal waste cause algae blooms. Once they develop, the blooms occupy patches of the

Case Study - Mental Dysfunction Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

- Mental Dysfunction - Case Study Example This incident also changed him from being a happy boy into an angry fellow. In addition, it has made him to experience sleepless nights and loose the hope of looking a better future as indicated by his inaction in seeking for a job since that the incident. The sexual harassment incident has also made Isaac to be paranoid, aggressive and agitated. Freeman and Garety (2004) state that paranoia is characterized by excessive suspicion of the actions of other people around a person and hostility towards them and these can be noted in Isaac. He is distrustful and feels very insecure for example, he feels his mother has evil intentions towards him in her actions and accuses her of vague conspiracies. He thinks people in town see him as a gay. Evidence that Isaac is suffering from aggression can be seen in his actions like threatened his mother with a knife, causing problems in the streets and shouting around. He has also turned into behaviours like heavy smoking of marijuana to make him for get about all his bad lucks. These characters contrast his pre-harassment behaviours of being well mannered and trouble free. Isaac’s case presents the need for a good safety plan for him, the nurse in attendance and other local emergency department staff. It is evident that Isaac is suffering from depression. ... It will eliminate the possibilities of him chasing around the staff. A restoration of the confidence to interact with friends is important because it will make Isaac to cooperate willingly with the departmental staff instead of seeing them as enemies and incite him to fight them. Goldberg (1998) advices that Isaac should be handled with love to reduce his symptoms of aggression which are a sign of inner bitterness and anger. It will also stop him from becoming suspicious of the intentions of the actions of staff towards him hence he will not react negatively. However, Isaac’s hands should remain tied until he shows signs of improvement and a good level of relaxation. As soon as he becomes calm, Isaac should be given restricted freedom within the facility. This should be accompanied by activities that encourage restoration of self-efficacy like personal hygiene. In order to restore a good interpersonal relationship at this stage, he will be allowed to interact with his friends, neighbours, and mother under close supervision to gauge his level of risk once released to go home. The time periods will then be increased for every visit. He should also undergo behaviour therapy to reduce his paranoia state. Isaac’s Mental State Examination Appearance (dress, hygiene, grooming, posture, gait, eye contact) On his admission, Isaac was poorly dressed and very dirty. His hair was unkempt and had lice. Isaac was not able to maintain a stable posture and a straight eye contact for long. He paces back and forth too frequently and quickly turns to look away from the people around him. He is too slim for his age. Behaviour (manner, friendliness,

Revision of Responding to Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revision of Responding to Pop Culture - Essay Example Perhaps this twist in â€Å"Chuck† made the TV series a standout from the other series of similar genre because it reached Season 5 which is quite unusual for a spy genre. There is nothing heavy in its dialogue which an average Joe will not understand which explains why the Chuck flick became a hit with the general audience. Agent Walker, Chuck’s love interest also kept the audience glued to their screen as their romance unfolds in the secretive world of espionage. Just do not delve too much on how logical the circumstances of the Chuck series are because you will just be disappointed. The main entertainment factor of this flick is not the soundness of its logic just like CSI series. Chuck only intends to amuse its audience so it did put much emphasis on the logical sequencing of the film. Given this, do not wonder how could have it been possible to build a CIA headquarter beneath Nerd Herd without being notice because it is one of the givens that the film does not intend to explain. This disconnect however does not seem to be an issue with the audience evident with its high ratings and subsequent episodes. The flick only intends to entertain by bringing down the spy culture to the understanding of the masses. It appeals to our subliminal desires of living an action packed and adventurous life such that of a spy by removing the idea that this job is unattainable given the requirements imposed by other spy genre. In Chuck’s world, as long as you are in the right place and in the right time, you could be the â€Å"Intersect† who is the most valuable asset in the espionage world with a bonus of having girl that is way out of your league. If this TV series will be translated into a game just like other spy films, â€Å"Chuck† will prove to be interesting as those secrets imbedded in his brain can provide a wide assortment of possibilities of what the character can do in a lot of

Instructional strategies & approaches 2 Essay Example for Free

Instructional strategies approaches 2 Essay According to Barbara Gross Davis, author of Tools for Teaching (1993), students learn best when they participate actively in the process. A lot of research has been made on collaborative learning, or learning in groups, and it has been proven that no matter the subject matter, students learn more this way. Working in groups help students learn and retain more about what is taught to them than when they are taught using other means. Davis enumerates three general types of group work. The first type is informal learning groups. These groups aren’t permanent and may be done in a single session. An example of this is asking the students to turn to their seatmate and discuss a particular question. In any case, this kind of grouping may be done in a class of any size at any time to check the level of understanding of the students, give them a way to apply what they have learned or to have a change in the learning pace. The second type is formal learning groups, which can be organized to do specific tasks like writing a report, doing a lab experiment or making a project. The tasks can be completed in one session or over a few weeks, until the students have finished the activity and are given a grade. The last type of group is a study team. Such groups are usually long-term, like a whole semester or course, and have permament members wherein each member is responsible for helping each other to complete course requirements and assignments and to provide support and encouragement. A student with a study team can ask his teammates to update him on classes or activities he might have missed. Study teams are valuable in courses that have a large class size and a complex topic. With that in mind, it is then appropriate to inquire as to how to group these students so that they would learn the most. Davis cites examples on how one could group the students: the teacher can assign randomly so that a mix of different students are in one group; the teacher can let the students choose their groupmates; the teacher, himself, forms the groups taking into account the students’ differences; or the teacher asks the students first on their preferences and then makes assignments. Whichever the case, Davis argues that these types of grouping have their own advantages and disadvantages and can be used depending on circumstance. After all, the teacher cannot assume that just because the students have been grouped and asked to work cooperatively, that they would actually do so. It should always be remembered that a group is composed of different individuals with different personalities, skills, concerns, temperament, etc. Thus, the teacher should be flexible, yet firm, and always ready to give assistance. In addition to considering the combination of students in a group, its size should also be given equal attention. According to researches done by Cooper (1990), Johnson, Johnson, and Smith (1991) and Smith (1986) as cited by Davis, groups with a maximum of five members would work best since a larger number would decrease the opportunity for the group members to actively participate. They also add that the group size should be smaller if the members are less skillful and time available for the group work is shorter. Furthermore, the level of the task should also be considered. Simple tasks like solving a math problem or planting a seedling would be enough for small groups. On the other hand, complex tasks, such as a chemistry experiment that would require students to research and report, are better done by a bigger group (Knowles, 2005). Of course, students are individuals that have different learning abilities. Some teacher group the class according to these abilities. According to the Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002), ability grouping is the practice of dividing students according to their perceived learning capacities. The two most common ways of grouping via ability is within-in class grouping and between-class grouping. The former refers to the division of students with the same abilities into small groups. This is usually seen in Math or Reading classes. Between-class grouping refers to division of students into varying courses or classes according to their achievement. In a nutshell, ability grouping caters to the difference between students. Each group formed with this strategy may be using different materials that are unique and will address their needs. In general, research shows that within-class grouping produces better results than mixed ability grouping. Within-class grouping can promote faster learning since the students are learning with people of the same level and pace. Thus, fast learners can cover more topics without being dragged by the slow learners. On the other hand, as learning progresses it is only appropriate that the task difficulty also increase, and in line with that, the group composition and number. A more difficult task would require a larger group to execute successfully. Thus, if a class was previously divided into smaller groups, the teacher can merge these groups to form a larger group. In relation with this, the teacher should again consider the composition of the groups. Ideally, it is better that the group be as heterogenous as possible but should also contain a fair number of the assets, those with previous relevant coursework or language proficient, and liabilities, those with negative attitudes toward the course or language problems, in a class. Whole group instruction is usually used when introducing a new topic, new materials or new strategies to the whole class. In this way, the teacher can build a common experience between the students which can later be an avenue for further exploration of the topic and improvement in their problem solving and other skills (Valentino, 2000). On the other hand, group or collaborative learning cannot always be used despite its good results. Since topics have to be discussed within a certain timeframe, it is very hard to use collaborative learning often since such strategy really takes a lot of time. Thus, for courses that covers a broad, complex topic, like general chemistry or physics, it is advisable to make the students form a study team. For example, in chemistry, experiments may be done by a whole group. They can perform one experiment and help each other analyze their data and understand what they just did. In such a setting, not only will it minimize the concerns of the teacher, it would also help those students who come to class unprepared. At least, with group mates, there would still be an avenue for them to cope with the lesson. Also, Also, collaborative learning would be beneficial if the class size is large. As mentioned earlier, a heterogenous group is ideal. A teacher would want to distribute those who’ve already understood the topic or are fast learners among those that are still coping or having some difficulty. What the teacher can do, then, is determine the students that could be classified among the two groups. Generally, the teacher can determine the ‘assets’ and ‘liabilities’ by observation, diagnostic tests or group dynamics activity or by asking other teachers and his students. Such a technique would ensure that someone in the group knows what’s happening in class and possibly give assistance to his groupmates. In conclusion, group or collaborative learning is very beneficial to students. However, the success of such activities would depend on the composition and size of the group, as well as the level of learning of the students. The teacher should know when to use this strategy and he should be well prepared, organized and flexible when doing so. References Davis, BG. (1993). Collaborative Learning: Group Work and Study Team. Tools for Teaching.Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http://teaching. berkeley. edu/bgd/collaborative. html Knowles, P. (2005). Thoughts on Student Grouping: Teaching Decisions. Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http://www. netc. org/[emailprotected]/classrooms/peter/working/grouping. html Valentino, C. (2000). Flexible Grouping. Retrieved August 31, 2007, from http://www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/valentino. html Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002). Ability Grouping. The Balanced View: Research-based information on timely topics. Vol. 6, No. 2.

Derivative Markets Essay Example for Free

Derivative Markets Essay Last dozen of years are characterized by rash growth of volumes of national and international markets of derivative finance instruments or derivative markets. By opinion of experts, appearance and development of derivative markets is the most important event of economic life within last twenty five years. In the very name of these instruments – â€Å"derives† lays the fact that they appeared and started to develop on basis of floaters and futures almost for all types of exchange products (starting with oil and gas and ending with soy beans and orange juice), and also for exchange index, percent rates, rate of exchange, etc. Presently new types of derivates appeared: on the basis of sea freight rates (London), cost of microprocessors, permissions for environment pollution (USA), etc. To the first generation of derivates specialists relate futures and stock option plans, which are used at organized markets (exchanges) in form of standardized contracts, and also popular at non-exchange market (market OTC – over-the-counter) (William Falloon pp. 26-28) currency swaps, stock option plans and inter-bank agreements regarding forward rate agreement. From the very beginning the main functions of derivates was to provide distribution of risks among participants of business deal, connected with change of stuff price, rates of exchange, percent rates, stock rates, exchange indexes, etc. Nowadays operations with derivates are still the main way of insurance from different risks and risk management. The first signs at derivative markets became successful issue of currency futures in 1972 at Chicago Mercantile Exchange; the second issue of percentage futures followed in 1975 at Chicago Board of Trade. In the first half of 1980-s rapid growth (Remolona, Eli, M., pp. 28-43) of operations with derivates, followed with appearance of more and more new types of derivates. In 1980 appeared New York Futures Exchange; in 1982 London international Financial Futures and Options; in 1986 – MATIF Marche a terme international de France in Paris; in 1988 Swiss Options and Financial Futures Exchanges, etc. At these and other organized (exchange) markets trade is fulfilled by standard (typical) contracts, which are sold or at exchange auctions (MATIF in France), or with help of automatized information systems (for example, Globex). Final calculations for all deals are made by computational (compensational) palates (George Benston and Shehzad Mian pp. 217-246) The first â€Å"legal† operation of currency swap (exchange of dollar to Swiss francs) was made in August 1981 between American company IBM and International Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Market of percentage swaps appeared in the United States by initiative of company â€Å"Sallie Mae†. The major part of swap operations was executed by leading international banks, which in the beginning were present as mediators between participants of currency swaps. In succeeding years banks became to work as active participants of derivative deals, acting at their own cost and in their own interests.   When in the first half of 1980-s derivative market was developing mainly in the United States, in the second half derivative market started to develop quickly in Europe and Japan. Volume of world market of swap operations increased from 200 milliard dollars in 1985 to 2900 milliard dollars in 1990. Such quick growth was stipulated with legal standardization of contracts, development of information systems and means of communications. According to data of questionnaire which was executed by International Swaps and Derivatives Associations, volume of world derivative market for the beginning of 1993 was 5.4 trillion dollars, including percentage swaps – 3.9 trillion dollars, currency swaps – 860 milliard dollars, cap and floor operations – 577 milliard dollars. By approximate estimation of magazine Swap Monitor, volume of derivative markets was much higher – 7 trillion dollars (at the same date of 1993). In the United States only 6 banks control 90% of derivative markets. In France 80 banks act at the market of currency contracts; at option market – 24 banks. Volume of operations with derivates at exchange and non-exchange markets, which make French credit institutions and which are shown at their balance, in 2.2 times exceeds amount of their balances. By information of International Calculations Bank, already in 1991 volume of OTC market was 4500 milliard dollars. From that time its volume significantly increased. Quick growth of derivative market volume in the beginning of 1990-s is connected with increasing of instability and uncertainty at world financial markets, also influenced by such events as was at Persian Gulf, collapse of USSR, crisis of European system of currency, etc. besides, progress in the field of informational technology, which allowed to process big volumes of information almost immediately and great funds, involved in financial turnover, give grounds to speak about existence of real industry of derivates. As we already spoke about, quick growth of derivative market was accompanied by appearance of new and new their types and kinds; this process developed and continues to develop in legal and non-official market. Financial instruments, which represent different combinations of derivates of the first generation, quickly were added to the first derivate generation (for example, combination of percentage options â€Å"cap/floor†, swaptions – combination of swap and option. In the beginning of 1990-s appeared such exotic instruments as swaps for non-typical indexes, annulated swaps, options for options, etc. One of novelties for Parisian exchange was issue of bons doption, which gives right to the buyer for purchase of actions or debentures by fixed price. During the last four years number of diversities of such warranties increased from 15 to 500, they are in easy access to any investor, even those who doesn’t have big amount of money. Appearance of new types and kinds of derivates is stipulated not only by increasing demands of clients in more perfect means of insurance from risks (Ludger Hentschel and Clifford Smith Jr., pp. 101-126), but also by constant perfection of informational technology and equipment, mechanisms of price formation and models of risk management. At the same time legal standards of regulating operations with derivates were developed and perfected; new forms of standard contracts appeared. Operations with derivates started to be used more frequently not only for insurance from risks and risk management, but for aims of speculation, i.e. receiving profit from them. By opinion of experts, nowadays the following subjects take place at the derivative markets: Industrial companies, which can use operations with derivates to reach such aims as: Decreasing of indebtedness burden at the expense of getting necessary financial means by possible cheap price; Increasing of flexibility in management of financial holdings, not limited by usage of debentures or short-term commercial documents; Perfection of management cash balance and regulation of financial flow, connected with cash inflow and cash spending; Fast receiving of necessary funds by relatively low prices in case unexpected needs in financing take place; Perfection and dynamics of process management by liquid assets of enterprise. Although enterprises, which use all enumerated possibilities of operations with derivates, are quite rare, from now on these operations cannot be ignored by those enterprises, who intend to lead dynamic strategy of management by thief financial resources. Different investment funds, which control investment portfolio, use operations with derivates as flexible means of funds management. Special companies or funds (so-called stockjobbers), which make derivative operations to receive profit, because those operations allow even with small expenses to get big profit, indeed, in condition of favorable circumstances for such stockjobber. In such a way American fund Quantum Fund, which belongs to famous financier George Sores, and which is specialized on currency deals, including derivates as well, since 1969 every year increased its income for 35%; today it exceeds 4 milliard dollars. Totally in the United States there are more than 3 thousand of such funds, which manage approximately by 25 milliard dollars, which are used only for speculative operations. There are 23 similar funds, which are legally registered in France. Individual stockbrokers, which make operations with derivates at their own expense. Activity of those subjects, which in the USA are called â€Å"local† and in France â€Å"negociateurs independants de parquet†, assists in increasing of liquidity financial market. Special companies-organizers of the market, including compensational palates, which control execution of contracts and execute calculations, receiving definite commissions. In such a way in France company MATIF received for each operation of purchase or sale of pressing contract 6.25 francs, what allowed to increase own funds to 800 million francs. In 1993 MATIF worked up 72 million of contracts, whereas at Chicago Mercantile Exchange were sold 179 million of contracts. Banks, working in legal and non-official market, receive the biggest income from derivative operations. Supervision instances controlling bank activities (for example, there is Bank Commission in France) are anxious because of uncontrolled growth of bank derivative operations. Operations with different kinds of options, especially related to such indexes, which change quickly, as shares indexes, prices for non-ferrous metals, raw materials, etc. give the biggest concern. Supervision instances don’t limit usage of derivative operations in order to insure credit and market risks (Sanjiv Ranjan Das pp. 7-23), but at the same time they establish rule of paying capacity, in accordance with which amount of own derivate funds of certain credit enterprise should cover credit (risk of unredeemed credit) and market risks. Other aspects of regulation non-organized markets are not developed enough. In all leading Western countries development of those measures is behind the tempo of growth of OTC market capacity, where calculation (compensational) palates are absent and business deals have long-term character. For organized derivative markets the main problems still are guaranteeing security and control. Compensational palates watch timeliness of final calculations and amount of deposits of their members, which operate at derivative market. These deposits guarantee that they will fulfill their obligations: in case amount of deposit is lower than definite level, it should be filled up immediately. In such a way, at MATIF’s accounts are 20 milliard francs, paid-in by its members as guarantee of calculations. Financiers work to standardize contracts for derivative deals in the international level. In such a way, created in 1985 International Swap and Derivatives Association worked out frame contract for derivative operations, consisting of two parts: in the first part there are obligatory common statements (ways of calculations and their regulation, declarations of the parties, procedures of canceling the contract, etc), and in the second part there are statements, which can be changed by wish of the parties. In June 1993 report of 30 leading specialists for financial operations was published, where they formulated recommendations to banks and other enterprises, which lead operations with derivates or are their final users. By opinion of experts, these enterprises should give acces to that market only for professionals. Many experts point at explosive character of derivative market, because there can appear chain reaction of bankruptcy (domino effect). Non-exchange market is more dangerous in this respect, where the business deals are often concluded â€Å"for the word of honor†. Unexpected collapse of one of the banks can cause chain reaction of bankruptcies of other banks. By words of A. Taylor, president of Royal Bank of Canada, derivates represent bomb of delayed-action, which, once exploded, can completely ruin world financial system. Although derivative deals have a lot of risk and can provoke the crisis, you cannot live without them in the modern financial markets, because they assist in increasing of liquidity and effectiveness of financial markets, decreasing of cost for market transactions (deals). As was written in French magazine â€Å"Expansion†, future experts, probably, will examine derivates as financial novelty, which saved world economical growth from paralysis. Works Cited: George Benston and Shehzad Mian, 1995 Financial Reporting of Derivatives: An Analysis of the Issues, Evaluation of Proposals, and a Suggested Solution, Journal of Financial Engineering, September, pp. 217-246. Sanjiv Ranjan Das, 1995 Credit Risk Derivatives, Journal of Derivatives, Spring, pp. 7-23. William Falloon, 1992 How Appetites are Growing for OTC Equity Derivatives, Futures Magazine, January, pp. 26-28. Ludger Hentschel and Clifford Smith Jr., 1995 Controlling Risks in Derivatives Markets, Journal of Financial Engineering, June, pp. 101-126 Remolona, Eli, M., 1992-3 The Recent Growth of Financial Derivative Markets, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Quarterly Review, Winter, pp. 28-43.

The Three Abrahamic Religions

The Three Abrahamic Religions The three Abrahamic Religions do have some things in common, such as the belief that there is only one God, but they have some differences too. Beliefs in profits, beliefs in who is the real God and things such as those make their religions different. A first major difference between the religions is the book they study and follow and how they treat this book. The Islams have a book they call the Quran. The Jewish population has a book called the Talmud, and the Christianity religion has a book name The Bible. What are the differences in these books? Well first of all, they all treat them differently. The Islams never put the Quran below themselves. They think of this as if they were saying, Im higher than God, and Im more important than him. They also take very good care of it. When they arent using it they have it wrapped up inside of a cloth and set it on a high shelf. Also, no one else can touch their Quran without permission from an Islamic believer. The Quran itself states that only those who are clean and pure should touch the sacred text. About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . The Jewish population studies a book called the Talmud. They read over this book, memorize it, and sometimes go into major detail of what somethi ng in it means. The Talmud is made up of six sections, called Sedarim (orders). Each Seder contains several books called mesachot or tracts (singular: mesachet). The Talmud. Bje.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . There are eleven mesachot in the Talmud. Each of them deals with many of the different Jewish laws. Lastly, there are the Christians, who study The Bible. The Bible to Christians is like a book full of different ways to live your life. Most people dont treat their bible like a special sacred book. People toss them around, lay in on their nightstand next to their beds, and other things such as that. The Bible has many different sections, some of these sections are in the Old Testament, and some are in the New Testament. Within these sections, there are many, many chapters, and within the chapters there are verses. For instance, I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me -Philippians 4:13. Philippians is the section, 4 is the chapter, and 13 is the verse. As you c an see, these books are all very different within each religion. They study them differently, treat them differently, and the text within them is very different. They also have different beliefs in the coming of God and who Jesus was. The Jewish religion believes that the messiah has yet to come, whereas Christianity and Islam believe than Jesus was the messiah. The Jewish believe that messiah will come later in life and they will be taken with him. The Christians and Islams believe at the second coming of Jesus, Jesus will leave the Jewish people behind and only take true believers as to let the Jews accept the fact that this is the second coming of the messiah, then he shall later come back and bring the Jewish people with him. The places where the three religions think they will be taken after Jesus takes them with him are all different also. The Islams think they are going to an eternal paradise. Jews believe one of two things, either they are going to heaven, or they think there is no afterlife. Lastly, Christians believe they will have an eternal heaven. They also have a specific view on a bad afterlife. Islams and Christians both think they will go to eternal hell whereas Jews think they will go to either eternal Gehenna, reincarnation, or no afterlife. They also have different outlooks on the birth and death of Jesus. Christians and Islams believe Jesus was born from a virgin birth, meaning Mary just randomly by Gods will had a child she was to name Jesus. The Jewish people on the other hand think Jesus came by a normal birth, saying that Mary and Joseph had a child together. Then theres the death of Jesus, which they dont agree on either. Islams believe that Jesus did not die but ascended into heaven during crucifixion. The Jewish and Christians populations believe that he died by crucifixion. Comparison of Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Religionfacts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . Then each religion has an outlook upon the other two religions. The Islam has something to say about Jews and Christians, Christians have something to say about Jews and Islams, and Jews have something to say about Christians and Islams. The Islamic people think that Jews and Christians are respected as People of the Book, but they have wrong beliefs and only partial revelation. This means that Islamic people think that the other two religions are respectable by what the Quran says, but they think that the beliefs of these people are wrong. Jewish people think that both Islam and Christianity are false interpretations and extensions of Judaism. This means that the Jews think that Islams and Christians are completely wrong in what they do and that they are not following or believing what they actually should. The y think that the other two religions should do exactly what the Jewish people do and then they would be following what they need to be. Then there is Christianity. They think that Judaism is a true religion, but with incomplete revelation. Christians believe that Jewish people are right in what they believe in, but they dont think they have full grasp of everything they need to believe in. They also think that Islam is a false religion. Christians believe that Islams are wrong in everything they do and what they are doing is completely wrong. They are against anything Islamic people do, and would never partake in any of it. Comparison of Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Religionfacts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . Not everyone in this world can believe the same things, do the same things, or even partake in the same activities, but that doesnt mean they cant sometimes get along. These three religions dont hate each other, they just dont always necessarily agree with one another. Its like they are siblings fighting over where to go out to eat. One of them wants seafood, one wants barbecue, and the other wants Italian. Christians want Jesus to come take them away so they can go live an eternal life in heaven, Islams want their God to come save them so they can have an eternal life in paradise, and the Jewish people want Jesus to have his first coming and save them. They all have disagreements on whats right and whats wrong, but they can sometimes get along. For instance, they all believe in one God and worshiping that one God. They all believe that there should be a certain day on which they worship, even though these days are not the same. They all believe in a hell and demons along with angels . They all have a special book of their own that they study, and in that book is the word of that religions God. So you see, they may have many, many differences as the three Abrahamic Religions, but they do have some things in common that they agree about also. About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . The Talmud. Bje.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. . Comparison of Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Religionfacts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. .

Engineering Requirements and Available Engineering Capacity :: Engineering PreQuip Technology Essays

Engineering Requirements and Available Engineering Capacity What Explains the Relationship Between Engineering Requirements and Available Engineering. 1. WHAT EXPLAINS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS AND AVAILABLE ENGINEERING CAPACITY AT PREQUIP? WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE PATTERNS IN THE EXHIBIT? The patterns between the Engineering Requirement and the Available Engineering Capacity are such that long-term projects such as Project 4 which requires 286 Engineering Months are being stretched throughout several years instead of completing it and allocating the resources elsewhere. Due to the limited time available, time should be spent completing as much as Project 4 as possible instead of delaying until the second year and finalising it in another. If the Project was completed in two years then the resources would be available for other projects in the third. Along with reducing the number of Projects that are active at any one time, the company would be in a better position to deal with the Projects that need completing. The implications of the patterns indicate the large problem of over committing. The company has too few resources to cope with the large 'active' list. These implications ensure that PreQuip are always assigning inaccurate levels of resources to projects which over time will prevent them from completing any project. Loss of business may follow and the company would eventually collapse do their incompetence to effective project planning. 2. WHAT IS A PLATFORM PROJECT? HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM A BREAKTHROUGH PROJECT? WHAT SPECIFIC CRITERIA WOULD YOU RECOMMEND THAT COMPANIES ESTABLISH TO DEFINE PLATFORM AND BREAKTHROUGH PROJECTS? A platform project is a project set up to provide the company with a platform from which new products and processes can be developed. This proposed development is designed to benefit the company over a set period of time with the aim to release new profitable products. Platform projects, if designed correctly, can provide numerous add-ons and enhancements to this new products extending the product life cycle further by potentially being able to reach into new and untapped markets, thus extending the profitability further too. An example of this would be the development of 'The Sims' computer game. The game and the idea behind the game has evolved and has enabled the developers to turn a non-profitable game using obsolete technology into the most sold computer game to date. The development of the artificial intelligence required to bring realism, creativity and graphic design has been included into more and more versions eventually leading to the introduction of 'The Sims' games where you control all aspects of the character's lives. New developments have been introduced to meet the artificial lives that are being controlled

National Missile Defense (NMD) Research Paper -- Military Integrated D

National Missile Defense National Missile Defense (NMD) is an extremely complex land-based ballistic missile system with the sole purpose of defending the United States against a ballistic missile attack from a foreign country. The NMD architecture consists of five main components. 1. Ground-Based Interceptors (GBI): The purpose of the GBI is to destroy the incoming nuclear weapon. The interceptor is a multistage rocket, which is launched after receiving a firing solution from the command and control system. After exiting the atmosphere, the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) is released. This is the actual equipment that is to intercept the incoming warhead and destroy it by colliding with it. The EKV has on-board thrusters that enable it to change course if required to intercept the warhead. 2. Battle Management, Command, Control, and Communications (BM/C3): The BM/C3 component is divided into two main parts. First, the Command and Control (BM/C2) system controls the overall NMD system. Information from sensors is forwarded to the BM/C2, which processes the data and determines the targets for the GBI to intercept. Second, the In-Flight Interceptor Communications System (IFICS) is a network of ground systems that relay communications to the GBI while in flight to guide it to the incoming warhead. 3. X-Band/Ground-Based Radars: These radar systems gather tracking information regarding the incoming warheads during the mid-course phase of the missile. This data is then sent to the BM/C2, which in turn is sent to the GBI for guidance to intercept the warhead. 4. Upgraded Early Warning Radars (UEWR): These radars systems detect targets near the horizon, early in the ballistic missi... ...s?† Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers. 29 Sep 1999. < http://www.clw.org/coalition/ucsnmd092999.htm> 5 Class Notes from website 6 Class Notes from website 7 Gronlund, Lisbeth. â€Å"The Planned US NMD System: Is the Technology Ready for Deployment? Will the Pentagon Know If It Is?† Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers. 29 Sep 1999. < http://www.clw.org/coalition/ucsnmd092999.htm> 8 Galum, John, Joshua Shakon and Tan Mau Wu. â€Å"National Missile Defense – A CS91 Final Project.† < http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~eroberts/cs91/projects/national-missile-defense/index.html> 9 Approaching Ethics, Class notes regarding instructions for the Ethical Decision-making Group Capture Worksheet 10 Approaching Ethics, Class notes regarding instructions for the Ethical Decision-making Group Capture Worksheet

intro to networking and the tcp/ip stack :: essays research papers

SLIP is a TCP/IP protocol used for communication between two machines that are previously configured for communication with each other. For example, your Internet server provider may provide you with a SLIP connection so that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on to the Internet, and forward your requested Internet responses back to you. A better service is provided by the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Point-to-Point Protocol is a protocol for communication between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a server. For example, your Internet server provider may provide you with a PPP connection so that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on to the Internet, and forward your requested Internet responses back to you. PPP uses the Internet protocol and is designed to handle others. It is sometimes considered a member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. Relative to the OSI referen ce model, PPP provides layer 2 (data-link layer) service. Essentially, it packages your computer's TCP/IP packets and forwards them to the server where they can actually be put on the Internet. PPP is a full-duplex protocol that can be used on various physical media, including twisted pair or fiber optic lines or satellite transmission. PPP is usually preferred over the earlier standard SLIP because it can handle synchronous as well as asynchronous communication. PPP can share a line with other users and it has error detection that SLIP lacks. Where a choice is possible, PPP is preferred. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. HTTP concepts include the idea that files can contain references to other files whose selection will elicit additional transfer requests. Your Web browser is an HTTP client, sending requests to server machines. When the browser user enters file requests by either "opening" a Web site or clicking on a link, the browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the Internet Protocol address indicated by the URL. File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a standard Internet protocol, is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet. intro to networking and the tcp/ip stack :: essays research papers SLIP is a TCP/IP protocol used for communication between two machines that are previously configured for communication with each other. For example, your Internet server provider may provide you with a SLIP connection so that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on to the Internet, and forward your requested Internet responses back to you. A better service is provided by the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Point-to-Point Protocol is a protocol for communication between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to a server. For example, your Internet server provider may provide you with a PPP connection so that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on to the Internet, and forward your requested Internet responses back to you. PPP uses the Internet protocol and is designed to handle others. It is sometimes considered a member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. Relative to the OSI referen ce model, PPP provides layer 2 (data-link layer) service. Essentially, it packages your computer's TCP/IP packets and forwards them to the server where they can actually be put on the Internet. PPP is a full-duplex protocol that can be used on various physical media, including twisted pair or fiber optic lines or satellite transmission. PPP is usually preferred over the earlier standard SLIP because it can handle synchronous as well as asynchronous communication. PPP can share a line with other users and it has error detection that SLIP lacks. Where a choice is possible, PPP is preferred. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols. HTTP concepts include the idea that files can contain references to other files whose selection will elicit additional transfer requests. Your Web browser is an HTTP client, sending requests to server machines. When the browser user enters file requests by either "opening" a Web site or clicking on a link, the browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the Internet Protocol address indicated by the URL. File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a standard Internet protocol, is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet.

Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning Essay

1.1 Analyse how types of assessment are used in lifelong learning: â€Å"Assessments should be a regular process; it might not always be formalised, but you should be observing what your students are doing, asking questions and reviewing their progress throughout their time with you†. Gravells A. Page 113. Has the outcome of my teaching been as expected; was there room for improvement? This can be measured through assessment; there are different ways to carry out this out. Initial Assessment It is my responsibility to do this before a lesson or course is delivered. This will help determine how I will plan for the session so it sets and meets expectations for me the teacher and also the students. This will identify any prior knowledge, the stages the students are at and any special or specific requirements that are needed. Types of initial assessments are: * Tutor observations * One-to-one interviews. This will help me learn if the learner is on the right course and what assignments they must do to complete the course. * Competency tests (maths, ICT and literacy). This will help me see if the students are competent in these skills. If there is any weakness I can then pinpoint those to the right people to help with them improve. * Essay writing. This will show me if the student is competent with their literacy skills. There will be a lot of written work throughout the course. Formative Assessment is an on-going process. These will take place during the lesson. This can take the form of * Quizzes and puzzles. With multiple choice answers will help me to see if the students have learned anything from their previous set of lessons. * Verbal question and answers. This will help me see if the students comprehend the topic. * Journals. Also can be used; to help the student record their feelings about the lessons, what went right and what can be improved on. This will enable me to assess whether I am teaching at the correct level or if I need to adjust my plan and methods. * Observations. I can walk around the room and observe the student’s work while taking anecdotal notes. Summative Assessments are carried out at the end of a course to measure how much has been retained and where necessary can be articulated. This is usually through: * End of year formal tests or exams. To see what they have learnt over the year. * Portfolio: This is a collect ion of the students work throughout the course. 1.2 Analyse how assessment methods are used in lifelong learning: * To identify what prior knowledge a student has, I would create a self-assessment questionnaire that requires specific answers, (tick boxes). I would then build this into my session plan. * Diaries or Learning Journals would be used to document on-going learning from each session. Progress can then be measured and any gaps in teaching or learning can be then addressed. * Simulation would be used to see if students are able to understand instructions and how well they are able to reproduce what they have seen or heard, and how they might use them in everyday life. * Assignments would evaluate how well student are able to research particular subjects then put their findings into words. * Discussions or debates are a good vehicle for assessment when other methods may be difficult to manage. * Peer feedback where fellow students give their comments and ask questions for clarity. 1.3 Evaluate strengths of assessments methods to meet individual leaner needs: * Quizzes and puzzles can be used as an informal way to assess if learning is taking place. However if the purpose is to measure individual learning the questions would need to be varied. The most effective way to do this would be to have the assessment computer generated; this is not always possible if the correct software or facility is not available. * Diaries or learning journals, aid to literacy and language skills. The student would also be able to reflect back on what they have learnt; this will also build their confidence to self-assess. In order for this to work, there needs to be clear aims and objectives so the outcome is properly measured. * A portfolio is a formal way to gather evidence that has been produced over a period of time covering all topics taught on a course. This would need to be checked for things such as plagiarism; if the information used was current and properly referenced. * Role play is another assessment method. The students will be given a scenario from their lesson; they will then have the opportunity to act out what they have understood, linking theory to practice. There needs to be clear explanations given as this can be time consuming and not all students may feel comfortable doing role plays. * Examinations can assess what students have retained. By just recalling information they have learnt or by using ‘open book’ method whereby they refer to notes or reference books. The down side of this is that students may have only been taught what is needed to pass the exam and not retain any of the other theories they may need at a later stage. 2.1 Evaluate how to involve learners in the assessment process: As a teacher I will carry out various methods of assessment. To maintain continuous improvement I will involve my students in the process. Giving my students clear guide lines I can get them to do peer to peer assessments, where they will give written or verbal feedback to each other. This will allow more focus on the subject being taught; encourage communication with each other, and where they may discover some common ground. Sometimes comments coming from a peer can be better received than from the teacher. Checking their own work and progress through self-assessment is useful as this gives an opportunity for students to take a step back and reflect on what their objectives and whether they attained them. I will also conduct one to one tutorials, where we can discuss their objectives, progress and development. This will demonstrate positive and individual inclusion. â€Å"Assessment is a term given to checking that learning has occurred. It may happen at any stage during the learner’s progress through their qualification†. Wilson L. (2009). page112. Assessments are also a tool to motivate and boost the confidence of students. 2.2 Analyse the role of peer and self –assessment in the assessment process: Peer assessments are a good means of confirming and sharing ideas. During our micro-teach sessions I was able to describe my observations and justify how I reached that conclusion. My peers would agree or get me to look at what I had expressed in a different way. We would discuss and come to a consensus. We had to think carefully how to put our thoughts down on paper, so they were constructive and encouraging. Looking at the peer assessment on my own performance for the delivery of a micro-teach session. I was pleased with the feedback. It clearly showed what I am confident in; what I need to improve on and what I should consider for future delivery. Their feedback was encouraging and it has confirmed that I have made the correct decision in what I am want to do career-wise. I found putting into practice what I already know with what I have learnt over the past few weeks very useful. There were some challenges I had when creating my own micro-teach session, this is all part of the learning process for me. As the session I delivered came to an end I had already started to do a mental self- assessment. It was useful to be able to put down my own thoughts on paper as they came to me to know what I need to include going forward. 3.1 Explain the need to keep records of assessment learning: Assessments should be documented so there is some form of evidence as to what has been taught, how the learning is evaluated and was any progress made. Records also serve for the purpose of verification, in relation to audits for quality assurance and regulatory bodies, such as Ofsted. The following are some of the following records that may be kept. * Assessment tracking, this can be used to show development and if the students requirements are being met. * Feedback and action records are used to show that a student has had feedback, what the agreed follow up is, and when it is to be carried out. * Learning styles results will aid with inclusiveness when reviewing or creating new session plans. * Appeal records are where a student has submitted in writing their reasons as to why they disagree with a formal decision that has been made. This can be used at a later date as part of that process. * Enrolment forms to confirm the student’s details are correct, point of contact in the case of an emergency; whether they are permitted to study. What the student signed up for, and are they are on correct course. 3.2 Summarise requirements for keeping records in an organisation: As part of my role I am going to make sure I follow the guide lines that are in place for me to keep records for an organisation, as these are regularly audited and reviewed. This will provide an audit trail of my students learning. Confidentiality must be maintained at all times by any organisation holding personal data to stay in line with the regulatory bodies (Data Protection Act). Records that are kept must be accurate, legible and current. There should be specific rules as to when information is considered obsolete. (This is usually about three years). Students have the right to request their records held about them. (Freedom of Information Act) if they are entering into an appeal process. A backup copy of records must be made whether electronically or paper based so if one is lost there is always a duplicate. â€Å"Consistency. You will always ensure that the methods and the timeliness of your assessments are at a level standard, making certain irrespective of how and when your learners are assessed, the outcomes are constant†. Wilson L. page 274. Bibliography Gravells A. (2012) Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector Wilson L. (2009) Practical Teaching A Guide to PTLLS & DTLLS.

Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

A tooth abscess is pus enclosed in the weaves of the confer bone at the tip of an putrefactive tooth. Normally the abscess originates from a bacterial transmission that has accumulated in the soft pigs pull up stakes of the tooth. Abscesses typically originate from dead treacle tissue, normally ca employ by untreated tooth decay, nuts dentitions or extended periodontal indisposition. A failed root dopeal intervention may besides make a like abscess. in that respect ar three types of alveolar consonant consonant consonant abscess. A gingival abscess involves that the glue tissue, without impacting either the tooth or the periodontic ligament. A periapical abscess starts in the alveolar consonant mush. A periodontic abscess begins in the venture uping bone and tissue constructions of the dentition.An abscessed tooth is really pown(prenominal)ful. The tooth and environing gums are infected, and a root bunsal or dec neckcloth is normally recommended.An abscess toot h may be lighting with simply a little infection, or it may be speed uping occupying non merely the unwritten pit, but the integral original structure. The freshman phase of an abscess begins on the outer beds of the dentitions along the protective coating named enamel. bacteria which of course occur inside the viva voce pit Begin to strike at the enamel and might later weaken, and offer in a little hole. There might be merely excusable tenderness at this period. Sensitivity to blistering and c hoar contents, along with tenderness whether the tooth is tapped may be frequent marks.2. About ad-lib Chelation for High Blood PressureThe depot chelation describes a procedure whereby substances named chelating agents bind to metals or toxins to enable the organic structure to safely egest them in the piss or fecal matters. maculation the scientific corporation by and tumid validates the usage of chelation for severe metal detoxification, its usage in laid-back telephon e circuit pressure remains controversial. viva chelation therapy break ups your arterias. It besides cleans the riddance piece of res publica and builds up your general opposition for long-dated life and a better ( medicative ) feeling. Chelation therapy jakes assist scorn private stage business of credit pierce per unit area. These include the decalcification ( spurn ) of nerve, decrease of free groups and turn awaying of telephone circuit cholesterin. spoken Chelation Therapy nurses a few months the first clip. unwritten chelation is besides effectual because chelating agents, much(prenominal) as EDTA, can go by dint of through the tummy and enter the blood stream unaffected. spoken chelation interventions exist in the signifier of liquids, pills or capsules and by and large last for some(prenominal) hebdomads.3. About Oral SurgeryOral Surgery is a accepted international specializer development class in dental medicine. It is the aloud of dental medicine tha t includes the diagno burble, surgical and link intervention of diseases, hurts and defects affecting two the available and esthetic facets of the difficult and soft tissues of the caput, unwritten cavity, dentition, gums and arouses.A figure of conditions may read unwritten mathematical process, includingImpacted Teeth apprehension dentitions, sometimes emerge from the gum line and the jaw is non defective bus to permit room for them. Often one or more than than of these 3rd grinders fails to emerge in proper alliance or fails to to the full emerge through the gum line and becomes entrapped or impacted between the lower jaw and the gum tissue.Tooth Loss alveolar implants are an option for tooth loss overdue to an accident or infection or as an option to dental plates. The implants are tooth root replacements that are surgically anchored in surmountographic point in the lower jaw and act to stabilise the abortive dentition to which they are attached.Jaw-Related Pr oblemsUnequal jaw growing In some persons, the speed and lower Jaw fails to turn decently. This can do trouble in saving production, eating, find oneself downing, and take a brea turn offg. While some of these jobs like improper dentition alliance can be turn with braces and other orthodontic contraptions, more serious jobs require unwritten surgery to travel all or raft of the velocity jaw, lower jaw, or both into a new place that is more balanced, functional, and healthy.Improve tantrum of dental plates For first-time dental plate wearers, unwritten surgery can be done to rectify both abnormalities of the jaws prior to making the dental plates to plight a better tantrum.4. About the Benefits of Bing a DentistThe demand of dentist affair is turning. The profession of being a tooth situate has many good things that can be of import considerations for you. If you give good go to your patients, you will be able to baffle clients, so your concern in dental pattern will r un good.Dentists piddle a accredited sum of prestige within their communities. It is besides an easy land for adult females and minorities to win in. On top of the pecuniary benefits and flexibleness of being your ain foreman ( You besides get to be after on your ain hours ) , there is a great trade of personal felicity that can be assemble in a calling in dental medicine. You get the personal satisfaction of seting a buoyant on a individual s face and skip downing their hurting. Most passel get into callings so that they can acquire a steady income and with dental medicine, you are ensure of acquiring a batch of money.With the duty if you have practiced for many old ages you can acquire to detect how to sweep with or forestall dentition complaints which would be a good add-on to the society. You besides acquire to be a instructor by giving people advice on the best ways to keep their dentitions and take hold them healthy. Making a positive qualifying in the lives of people is one of the superior benefits a dentist gets.5. Activities for T apieceing Children Oral hygienicsTeaching tykes how to purify, floss and wipe their vocal cavity in smart set to maintain their teeth clean and bar pits is of import. Teaching good hygiene when kids are immature can forestall dental jobs down the route. affair merriment activities to do clash, flossing and sing the tooth reconstruct appealing.Teaching Children to disinfect Their TeethChilds can be instruct to lave their dentitions merely as they re taught to rinse their custodies and face. Parents can pattern the doings by leting kids to come into the bathroom with them to brush their dentitions. Invent your ain memorable low-toned plainspoken or chant to sing as you re brushing your infant s dentition, make certain the address define the country you re scour so that one time the vocal is memorized they remember to brush each surface. drag in the kid s dentition forrader you brush your ai n, and so let the kid to brush theirs while you re brushing yours yearlings love to copy.Tooth Decay military actionUse a digital camera to take a image of each kid, smiling and demoing their glistening white dentitions. Print each kid s exposure twice and hold them colourise the dentitions browned in one of the smilings. Use black and brown washable markers to imitate tooth decay and pits. consent them hang it in the bathroom or implement it as a proctor to brush their dentitions more oftentimes.Painting ActivityUsing xanthous building base cut out several big tooth forms. Show the forms to your kid and speak more or less how dentitions can go xanthous if you do non brush them or if you eat a batch of things that can terms your dentitions. feed in your kid white pigment to apply and state him to feign that it is toothpaste. Let him utilize the toothpaste and a paintbrush to do the teeth clean and white once more.Dramatic formGather all of the stuffs necessary to do a make-believe tooth doctor office. You will necessitate a chair, soup-strainer, mirror, and anything else that can do the scene more realistic and merriment, much(prenominal) as a white apparel to have on as a tooth doctor s coat. Lie back in the chair and allow your small fry make-believe to be a tooth doctor as he examines your viva voce cavity, pretends to brush your dentitions and Tells you if your dentitions are healthy. Acting out this scenario may assist your kid to understand the magnificence of traveling to the tooth doctor and do the substantial visit more appealing.6. Basic Hygiene Dental InstrumentsSeveral instruments should be employ daily to clean dentitions and gums.ToothbrushA toothbrush removes nutrient and plaque left on the dentition and gums.ToothpasteToothpaste is available in gels, pulverizations or pastes that aid take plaque on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste can incorporated agents that can whiten dentitions, strengthen gums, and exterminate bad breath.FlossFloss is created utilizing thin strands of nylon or plastic. Floss removes nutrient that s trapped between dentitions, every patch good as the little pictorial matter of bacteriums that covers dentitions. The American Dental Association recommends that people floss daily.Garglemouthwash contains H2O, inebriant and cleansing agents as the primary ingredients. Mouthwash helps cut down plaque, mask and checker bad olfactory property, whiten dentition, and belittle gingivitis. Your tooth doctor may rede you to utilize mouthwash day-to-day depending on your dental demands.7. encounter Your Dentitions Correctly Dental Care & A Oral Hygiene How toYou should brush your dentitions at least twice a twenty-four hours. A soft bristle toothbrush will clean without damaging the gums. Be careful non to be in an over-abundant manner. 2 proceedingss of proper brushing is good plenty. showy the outer surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition plumb the interior surfa ces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentitionClean the mastication surfacesFor fresher breath, be certain to brush your lingua, excessivelyTilt the brushing at a 45A angle against the gumline and end run or turn over the clash off from the gumline. gently brush the exterior, deep down and masticating surface of each tooth utilizing short back-and-forth shots. Gently brush your lingua to take bacteriums and retrieve your breath.8. Causes of Very wry Mouth Oral HealthThere are several causes of dry out oral cavity, besides called dry mouth. Peoples get dry oral cavity when the secretory organs in the oral cavity that make spits are non exertioning(a) decently. Because of this, there might non be plenty expectoration to maintain your oral cavity moisture. There are several causa why these secretory organs ( called salivary secretory organs ) might non work right.Side effects of certain medications- more than 400 aesculapian specialties can do the salivary secretory organs to do less spit. Medicines for high blood force per unit area and depression frequently cause dry oral cavitySide consequence of certain diseases and infections. Dry oral cavity can be a side consequence of medical conditions, including Sjogren s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer s disease, diabetes, anaemia, cystic fibrosis, arthritic arthritis, high blood pressure, Parkinson s disease, shot, and epidemic parotitiss.Radiation therapy the salivary secretory organs can be damage if they are exposed to radiation during malignant neoplastic disease interventionChemotherapy drugs used to handle malignant neoplastic disease can do saliva thicker, doing the oral cavity to experience dry.Nerve harm hurt to the caput or neck can damage the nervousnesss that tell salivary secretory organs to do spit. drying up Conditionss that lead to desiccation, such as febrility, overweening perspiration, purging, diarrhoea, blood loss, and Burnss can do dry oral cavity.Surgical remotion of the salivary secretory organs.Lifestyle Smoke or masticating baccy can impact saliva production and aggravate dry oral cavity. Continuously take a active with your oral cavity unfastened can besides lend to the job.