Language And Communication Children And Young People Essay Example

Language And Communication Children And Young People Essay The cardinal involvement of this essay is to measure the function of drama in relation to linguistic communication and communicating development. Developmental psychological science and theories of drama are the chief beginnings of researching and explicating this alone interrelatedness, because they offer critical information about human behaviour. For this ground several developmental theories have been developed by many scientists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Sigmunt Freud, Albert Bandura and other modern-day scientists, who managed to clear up the facets of kid development from different positions. Initially, this essay illustrates the importance of drama by depicting its classs. Play theories are briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and modern-day 1s. Thereafter, it mentions the features of linguistic communication through the theories of two extremely well-thought-of scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlativity between linguistic communication and drama development. It besides illustrates the being of nine basic communicating accomplishments and why non-verbal and verbal communicating is so of import. Furthermore, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between drama, linguistic communication and communicating. Through elaborate mentions, the thought that the function of drama is outstanding in a kid s development is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mummer and rime drama to explicate that even the most common games possess a important function in linguistic communication and commu nicating development. Last but non least, it analyzes how play reinforces the literacy development and eventually demonstrates the sentiment of the author. We will write a custom essay sample on Language And Communication Children And Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Language And Communication Children And Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Language And Communication Children And Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Importance of Play Arguably, drama is a critical portion of kids s development which has many deductions in their lives. Despite the trouble of mentioning to a normally accepted definition, drama is a critical portion of the developing kid ( Sheridan A ; Howard A ; Aldelson, 2011 ) . It is a cardinal action which occurs throughout kids s lives and is divided into two classs, free drama and structured drama. To be exact, free drama is an action where the kid can take the regulations and the signifier of drama, without the engagement and the battle of an grownup. Hence, the kid becomes the leader of drama ( Tassoni A ; Hucker, 2000 ) . Furthermore, many research workers have claimed that free drama offers more educational chances to kids. Whereas structured drama is defined as an action which is directed by grownups and limits kids s acquisition potencies. Adults are supporters and possess a primary function in this type of drama. For this ground, Thomas, Howard and Miles proved by a survey they conducted, that free drama, in other words playful mode drama, is capable of furthering kids s ability to larn. They province that through this manner kids s communicating is benefited, because gaiety creates the ability to heighten assorted types of behaviours. As a consequence, educational scenes use the playful method to further kids s linguistic communication and communicating development ( McInnes A ; Howard A ; Miles A ; Crowley, 2009 ) . It is of importance to advert that there are drama theories which are separated into two classs, classical and modern theories of drama. In peculiar, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of drama ( Sheridan A ; Howard A ; Aldelson, 2011 A ; Stagnitti, 2004 A ; Tassoni A ; Hucker, 2000 ) . Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last class is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory ( Stagnitti, 2004 ) . Furthermore, there are five types of drama, which are cited as physical drama, drama with objects, symbolic drama, socio-dramatic/pretence drama and games with regulations ( Whitebread, 2012 ) . The above five types of drama aid kids to spread out their abilities non merely in the linguistic communication and communicating sphere, but besides in the physical, cognitive, societal and emotional sphere ( Sheridan A ; Howard A ; Aldelson, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to the changeless development of linguistic communication and communicating, drama and its benefits in this sphere must be analyzed in deepness, in order to measure kids s developmental potencies through drama. Language and Communication Language is a strong communicating tool ( Moyles, 1989 ) which fosters kids s abilities. Through linguistic communication we can populate the yesteryear once more, measure the hereafter and utilize this critical tool when we face complex state of affairss ( Crain, 2000 ) . Besides, many developmental theoreticians have tried to explicate, how kids adopt cardinal abilities as they grow up and some of them, hold given particular accent to the linguistic communication and communicating development and how it is related to play. They have evaluated kids s development from birth to maturity. Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology ( Gray A ; MacBlain, 2012, p.85 ) , claimed in his societal constructivism theory, that linguistic communication is the cultural tool which facilitates the procedures of thought and acquisition. It was his house belief that kids must grok linguistic communication, in order to interact in the society. Hence, harmonizing to Vygotsky, drama and linguistic communication are interrelated ( Moyles, 2005 ) . Due to the fact that through drama kids maestro communicating accomplishments, they interpret the usage of objects and copy the attitudes and the wonts of grownups ( Gray A ; MacBlain, 2012 ) . In add-on, he stated that kids gain cognition when they participate in societal communicating and accordingly, they adopt new significances. Therefore, harmonizing to Vygotsky, kids act in the zone of proximal development ( Whitebread, 1996 ) , which means that every kid has limited possible when carry throughing an activity but he ca n spread out his accomplishments with suited aid ( Lindon, 2001 ) . However, another respected scientist Piaget did non put accent, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of linguistic communication during kids s development. Piaget stated that linguistic communication mechanism is used by the immature kid merely to show some basic satisfactions and non to further more complex maps such as idea and logic ( Gray A ; MacBlain, 2012 ) . Furthermore, Piaget s sentiments did non advance kids s abilities ; alternatively he undervalued them, by using activities that were excessively complex for kids competency ( Whitebread, 1996 ) . On the reverse, some scientists argue that kids s idea, starts to work logically as they learn how to utilize linguistic communication. This happens because linguistic communication accomplishments are hard for kids to absorb, but when this bit by bit occurs, logic develops ( Crain, 2000 ) . Nevertheless, Piaget did non back up the above impression by adverting that logic derives from actions ( Gray A ; MacBlain, 2012 ) . On the evidences that linguistic communication is an built-in portion of communicating, it is of import to nail some of the accomplishments that kids develop in this sphere. In other words there are nine basic communicating accomplishments. Initially, kids learn to bespeak support, to bespeak aid, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no , they respond to waies, follow a agenda and eventually they are able to do a passage from one topographic point to another ( Frost A ; Bondy, 2002 ) . For case, when kids pretend to be a patient in a infirmary, they learn when they have to wait their bend in order to be examined by the physician and they give orders such as wait , stay , come . Communication is a complex map. Before the outgrowth of words, kids can pass on adequately before following linguistic communication production and linguistic communication comprehension ( Sheridan A ; Sharma A ; Cockerill, 2008 ) . The above facet describes the non-verbal communicating type which is really of import. Newborn babes communicate nonverbally to show their demands. Facial looks, organic structure linguistic communication, proto-sounds and perceptual experience of feelings are the properties of non-verbal communicating ( Whitehead, 1999 ) . Hence, adults start to pass on with kids ab initio nonverbally and finally verbally. Research proves that conversation between kids and grownups which contains a big figure of unfastened inquiries is indispensable because kids have the chance to react to talk linguistic communication. In other words, when kids feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of linguistic communication ( Howard A ; McInnes, forthcoming ) . Fostering Language and Communication Skills through Play To get down with, surveies have proved that there is a strong connexion between linguistic communication and drama. Research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed singular marks that drama and linguistic communication are strongly correlated. Specifically, the four kids who participated in this research were observed 20 times each in a free drama manner, where the grownups had a inactive function. The purpose of the survey was to analyse early linguistic communication development and drama development ( Ogura, 1991 ) . Therefore, six characteristics of linguistic communication were illustrated in order to analyse the findings better. These were the outgrowth of first words, calling words, vocabulary jets, word-chains, nonproductive two word vocalizations and the outgrowth of productive two-word vocalizations ( Ogura, 1991 p.278 ) . Furthermore, this research divided drama into 13 subcategories. The findings showed that kids managed to obtain the ability of calling words becaus e they had been involved in preverbal communicating. Besides, kids began to call objects when the conventional naming act class of drama appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship with each other. It was proved that kids through the functional relational use drama and the container relational use drama, managed to follow the above of import map and the production of first words every bit good. Furthermore, it was stated that early linguistic communication development is related to subsitutional drama. Besides, this survey illustrated that the environment plays a major function in the development of symbolic drama. As a consequence, linguistic communication is influenced by societal interaction. Furthermore, kids s vocabulary jets appeared in subsitutional drama. Word-chains appeared when make-believe doll drama, subsitutional drama and feign other drama took topographic point during the observations. In add-on, the 5th linguistic communication class appeared with planned drama and combinative symbolic drama. The last linguistic communication class was related to planned drama ( Ogura, 1991 ) . Undoubtedly, this paper shows the alone interrelatedness between linguistic communication development and drama. Research workers evaluated the connexion between symbolic drama with drama stuffs and symbolic drama with drama state of affairs. First, during kids s drama with unstructured drama stuffs, they found that kids who are at the age of three to four could copy the activities of grownups. However, in structured drama kids were able non merely to copy but besides to prosecute somewhat in function drama. At the age of four to five kids s unstructured drama evolved and they started to show inquiries and thoughts with the mediate tool of spoken linguistic communication. On the contrary, in structured drama they used more conversation. This survey showed that in the first type of drama kids at the age of five to six used their organic structure linguistic communication and voice to clear up a state of affairs. Besides, both in structured and unstructured drama, kids preferred to play in groups of their ain gender. We can detect that structured stuffs are better for younger kids because they do non set restrictions on their thoughts while playing. In other words, younger kids need to heighten their expressive thoughts by playing with structured drama stuffs to be adequately prepared for school ( Umek A ; Musek, 2001 ) . At the same clip, symbolic drama related to play state of affairs showed that phonic imitation ( Umek A ; Musek, 2001, p.61 ) is promoted and that at the age of four kids use societal address. Furthermore, they use societal markers, in order to talk like grownups ( Ervin-Tripp, 1973 ) . Subsequently, at the age of five kids use metacommunication in their drama. Metacommunication is really of import because kids can discourse drama. They stop in order to negociate the following measure of the game. Indeed, it promotes duologue among equals. It is really of import because it can be used as scaffolding to kids s linguistic communication development ( Andersen, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to this survey, metacommunication degrees are higher when kids are older. Furthermore, the same survey proposes that it is better and more helpful for kids to play in assorted groups instead than in groups with members of their ain age. Hence, kids can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their linguistic communication and communicating accomplishments. Again, this survey shows us that drama which is dependent on stuffs or state of affairs is correlated with linguistic communication development. Apart from the above surveies there are drama activities which enhance linguistic communication and communicating accomplishments. For case, kids are benefited by mummer because they develop an alternate idea. This occurs by detecting assorted kids showing their ideas. Consequently, they can believe of more complex state of affairss and they are able to show their thoughts with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger drama helps kids with the numeration procedure ( Woodard A ; Milch, 2012 ) . Furthermore, rimes can supply many chances for kids to heighten their linguistic communication accomplishments. Harmonizing to a survey, rime consciousness helps kids to acknowledge phonemes which are really of import for reading accomplishments. The sensitiveness to rime enables kids to group words together with the same spelling characteristics ( Bryant A ; MacLean A ; Bradley A ; Crossland, 1990 ) . Play Fosters Literacy Vygotsky evaluated the function of pretend drama in kids s development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by drama. He describes that kids ab initio act spontaneously when they play, and the procedure of larning happens with their will. On the contrary, when kids go to school they must alter their behaviours to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that pretend drama is the of import mediate tool for kids to follow written linguistic communication and to win in school ( Roskos A ; Christie, 2007 ) . Furthermore, pulling is considered to be a necessary drama for kids. Research has shown that kids can spread out their graphic vocabularies and they can stand for their significances, which means that through pulling communicating is enhanced ( Whitebread, 2012 ) . Besides, Vygotsky s research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of authorship and spoken linguistic communication, which means that the significance of kids s drawings is non merely the drawing as a image but the drawing as an expressive tool of their ideas ( Roskos A ; Christie, 2007 ) . In decision, it is deserving adverting, that in kids s drama the repeat and the renaming of drama stuffs fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above map is called metalinguistic consciousness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written linguistic communication ( Roskos A ; Christie, 2007 p.193 ) . Decisions It is clear, hence, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlativity between drama, linguistic communication and communicating. Despite the fact that it has been proved that drama fosters the acquisition procedure, there are still oppositions of this position, who province that formal acquisition schemes are better than playful attacks. However, this essay contradicts the impression of formal larning methods by back uping the theory, that play does heighten linguistic communication and communicating by mentioning equal bibliography to turn out it. Children can make high criterions in the learning procedure of linguistic communication because during drama they are motivated and are non possessed by the feeling of fright ( McInnes et al. , 2009 ) . To sum up, due to the fact that drama has been decreased in school scenes, it is outstanding to guarantee that drama must be in preschool and in the first school old ages of a kid, because a kid is ever above his mean age, above his day-to-day behaviour ; in drama it is as though he were a caput taller than himself ( Roskos A ; Christie, 2007, p.199 ) .

Summary On The Raven Essays - Poetry By Edgar Allan Poe, Free Essays

Summary On The Raven Essays - Poetry By Edgar Allan Poe, Free Essays Summary On The Raven Edger Allen Poes poems are best known for their haunting themes. For example in the poem The Raven which was published in 1845 seemed to be filled with melancholy and thoughts of death. Poe makes use of symbolism in the poem The Raven. On line 3 Poe writes, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there comes a tapping, I think thats a sign that this entire poem takes place while he is in the state of unconscious (dreaming). Again on lines 37 & 38 he writes, Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore, I believe that the raven symbolizes some after life figure. On lines 81,82 S Poe cries, Wretch, I cried, thy god hath lent thee- by these angels he hath sent thee Respite- respite and nepenthe, from thy memories of Lenore! Quoth the Raven, Nevermore, here it is clear that the Raven who reiterates, Nevermore, in Poes dream has been sent to help him relinquish his thoughts of Lenore.

Ozone Alert Days and Warnings

Ozone Alert Days and Warnings Ozone is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the  Earths atmosphere  (stratosphere). In total, ozone makes up only  0.6  ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere. Ozone smells similar to chlorine and is detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as  10  ppb (parts per billion)  in the air.   Ozone is a powerful  oxidant and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucus and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about  100  ppb. This makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near ground level. However, the  ozone layer  (a portion of the stratosphere with a higher concentration of ozone, from 2 to 8 ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging  ultraviolet light  from reaching the  Earths surface to the benefit of both plants and animals. Unhealthy Ozone Ozone depletion may be a common news story, but many forget about the dangerous formation of ozone at ground level. The Air Quality Index (AQI) in your local weather forecast may often issue an unhealthy warning based on ground level ozone measurements if ground-level ozone is going to affect people in a particular area. All persons in an area are advised to be on the lookout for health effects related to ozone pollutants when a warning or watch is issued. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) warns that although ozone in the stratosphere protects us from harmful UV radiation, low-level ozone is dangerous. Infants, children, and those with respiratory problems may be in particular danger. What Causes Ground-Level Ozone Ground-level ozone is caused when the sun reacts with pollutants from cars and industrial plants to form ozone at or near the surface of the earth. The sunny weather you enjoy in many parts of the world may, unfortunately, be increasing the chances of the formation of ground-level ozone. Summertime is especially dangerous in many traditionally sunny areas, especially those areas with large populations. The EPA issues warnings and advisories for five major air pollutants. ground-level ozoneparticle pollutioncarbon monoxidesulfur dioxidenitrogen dioxide Ozone Alert Days According to associate writer Fred Cabral, â€Å"Ozone ignorance is a problem. Many people do not listen to the warnings given by local forecasters on the dangers of ozone.† While interviewing locals in the area, Cabral discovered 8 reasons why people choose to ignore â€Å"Ozone Alert Days†. Avoiding complacency is key to being safe from the dangers of ozone, Fred indicates, and people should not become complacent about the issue. After multiple street interviews, Cabral has investigated the ways to remain safe. In fact, ozone alert days (sometimes called ozone action days depending on where you live) are days when high heat and humidity cause unhealthy and unsafe levels of air pollution in the ozone layer. Pollution levels are monitored via the Air Quality Index, which was designed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) so that cities and states can measure and report levels of pollutants in our air.

Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groups and Teams - Essay Example d 20 in forming stage (the initial stage of the team when they are high dependant on other factors such as leader, company, atmosphere, rules and regulations), 22 in storming stage (it is the stage when the members of the team are not sure about their goals, they are familiar with each other but they are not making much progress), 28 in norming stage (a stage where there are arguments and discussion but they are resolved after through work and exercise, the goals have to be achieved with some difficulty and it is hard to bifurcate between the what has to be done and what is the team doing) and 30 in performing stage (a most stable stage in which the team is well aware about the goals and has the ways to achieve them). According to the test taken it has been proven that our team is in the performing stage. It is a stage when the team is clearer about their goals and objectives. The team has a proper vision that they follow. The team is more focused in achieving their goals. The message is clear and in unity, there are certain discussions on various topics but they don’t turn into arguments that can result in a negative impact on the group’s performance. Team work is highly complicated and complex matter, and they need to be handled in a much efficient manner to achieve the desired goals (Chapman, 2013). Each individual in a team has to be understood accordingly and instead of managing them collectively they need to manage individually. Each member had to be given the work that suits their abilities to the best, had to ensure a balance between the work and no discrimination is made between the works distributed. Good teams are formed by good leaders and good leaders. A good leader is a person who is not insecure of his teamwork, understands the responsibilities, ensures that his team is also appreciated in their work and rewarded accordingly. A good team leader is a person who can motivate his employee, and create respect for himself. Where the employees are

Module 2, Financial and Strategic Planning (CASE) Essay

Module 2, Financial and Strategic Planning (CASE) - Essay Example The marketing strategy was appealing in the year 2010, hence attracting $1,500 million in terms of revenue. In the year 2011, the marketing strategy was not as effective, hence leading to a lower performance; reporting total revenues of $1,250 million. A strategic plan would be for the hospital to adopt a new marketing strategy (Bryce, 2000). The new strategy would boost the hospitals preference among the sick, increase the amount of grants offered, and increase third-party investments. Secondly, Franklin Healthcare had a structural change and dismissed some staff. The change had a positive effect in efforts to reduce the operating expenses; from $500 thousand in 2010 to $300 thousand in 2011, but had some material effect on the revenue. There was a causal and effect relationship between reducing the number of employees and the amount of patient revenue reported. The low number of staff led to a reduction in the average patient population to achieve a balance between the demand and supply of healthcare. The hospital should increase the number of staff to maximize the supply of healthcare. All employees should report to a senior health worker to improve the level of accountability (Charupat, & Huang, 2012). The hospital should also invest in new equipment and have all the employees trained on how to operate them. A single marketing strategy and the structural change had a significant effect on the hospital’s net income. The hospital reported a $249,800,000 reduction in net income from $1,499,475,000 in 2010 to $1,249,675,000 in 2011. The hospital should have a forecast of what to expect in the next financial year. It should prepare a budget income statement that would serve as a policy variable and govern the control variables and external variables (Greenwood, 2002). The forecasting process should be automated to enhance ease of access and accept frequent reviews. An analysis of the income statement

Applications of 3g Technology in the Education Essay Example for Free

Applications of 3g Technology in the Education Essay Applications of 3G technology in the Education sector: Perspective Bangladesh ABSTRACT: Bangladesh recently touched a new milestone in Information and Communication Technology with the inauguration of commercial testing of Third Generation (3G) services through the state-run mobile service provider Teletalk. Teletalk will distribute 400,000 (4lacs) 3G-enabled SIMs’ for the capital Dhaka primarily. 3G is supposed to open new windows for mobile phone users. It’s a giant leap for Bangladesh. The advantages of 3G services include faster data connectivity which means one can download faster and web surfing will be a lot more fun. It will give uninterrupted video streaming on phones, enable video calls and big MMSs, hence facilitating optimum usage of data intensive applications which will create a mutual bridge between the education system of international ground and Bangladesh. This paper evaluates how 3G can be effectively used in education in Bangladesh. Understanding the impact of 3G, especially in education, could be seen as strategically crucial for Bangladesh moving forward as the country can enter a new epoch through wider use of 3G.Pedagogues will have central roles to play in taking education forward through the use of 3G and the way ICT is integrated in education. Two key areas will be addressed in this paper: 1. An analysis of 3G and its impact on teachers; and 2. An evaluation of the students’ abilities to think critically, especially when 3G is concerned. The hypothesis of this research work will find the maximum applications of 3G in the education sector of Bangladesh as the key tools for being the Digital Bangladesh. It will represent our modern education system which will be recognized international arena. To establish the hypothesis I facilitate qualitative and survey method. This paper is set in the context of Bangladeshi colleges and universities especially in Dhaka. The colleges and universities will be identified through Purposive sampling. The key focus and emphasis of this paper is on the changes of teaching and learning that will result from the applications of 3G. The findings may be used to enhance the applications of 3G in other sectors in Bangladesh. Keywords Applications, 3rd generation technology, education sector, e-learning Introduction: Third generation (3G) has dominated this modern world in just a decade. But in Bangladesh it is the inception of 3G. The state-run mobile service Teletalk is providing this facility. Teletalk is distributing 400,000 (4-lacs) 3G-enabled SIMs’ for the capital Dhaka primarily (www.bdnews24.com, 2012). 3G is supposed to open new windows for multimedia phone users. Using the 3G functions there are already so many devices taking advantages. People can perform all the functions in a 3G phone. However, the speed, efficiency and connectivity will be better than before. 3G technology offers us faster connectivity, music entertainment with the best quality and faster internet access. We can easily get other benefits like quick and easy video calling, clearer communication experiences and faster speeds when the two parties are using 3G technology. Generally the First Generation (1G) of wireless technologies is used for the needs of voice services. The Second Generation (2 G) started with digital content transportation but at low speeds. General Packet Radio Switching (G.P.R.S) and Enhanced Data Rates Evolution (E.D.G.E) made it possible to run any educational application at speeds of 128 Kbps (Kilo Bits Per Second) and 384 Kbps. It is the third generation (3 G) that made it possible to run the applications at incredible high bit rates at an affordable cost (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones). According to Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC), the total number of cell phone users has reached 97.475 million at the end of November 2012. And the total number of internet subscribers has reached 29415.693 thousand at the end of July 2012 (http://www.btrc.gov.bd). Now-a-days students all over the world are â€Å"digital natives†. They are growing up in a decidedly digital world. Digital learning educates students using the same technology they use for communication and entertainment outside of school. Also the teachers are very much engage with technology. They provide their class materials through internet. Many studies (Attewell, 2005; Murat et al, 2008) have already shown that mobile technologies have considerable potential to enhance teaching and learning across all education sectors. Their impact on student behavior, enthusiasm, motivation and progress is well documented, especially in some conventional schools in the UK (Cook et al. 2007). The National Training and Simulation Association and the U.S. Department of Education studied that, technology based instruction can reduce the time and students take to reach a learning objective by 30 to 80 percent. According to a meta- analysis and review of online learning studies by the U.S. Department of Education, on average, students in online learning conditions performed better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. (Means et al., 2009) The new technology 3G can bring a profound impact on economic landscape of Bangladesh. It can create scopes for e-learning and telemedicine i n rural areas. Though the high speed 3G network students at rural schools and colleges can gather knowledge on different topics which in practice will sharpen their knowledge and will also increase interest on regular education. (Singha, 2012) In this paper I examine how 3G can be effectively used in education in Bangladesh. Also understanding the impact of 3G, especially in education, could be seen as strategically crucial for Bangladesh moving forward as the country can enter a new epoch through wider use of 3G. Teachers will have central roles to play in taking education forward through the use of 3G and the way ICT is integrated in education. Two key areas address in this paper: 1. An analysis of 3G and its impact on teachers; and 2. An evaluation of the students’ abilities to think critically, especially when 3G is concerned. The results will be presented within a comparative framework and an analysis of the applications of 3G among public and private colleges and universities teachers, students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The hypothesis of this research work will find the maximum applications of 3G in the education sector of Bangladesh as the key tools for being the Digital Bangladesh. Literature Review: The growth of 3G technology adoption in worldwide is steady now. A wide range of 3G diffusion levels across the world. But in Bangladesh it is a new dimension. In this regard, I couldn’t find any research in this particular field in Bangladesh. But I found some 3G related researches in the outside world. The region of Asia trumped all others in 3G adoption with close to 52 percent of the world 3G market share as early as in 2006 (ITU, 2006). More recently, Asia-Pacific was home to an estimated 158 million 3G subscribers in 2008 and is expected to reach 564 million subscribers by 2013 (Suppiah, 2009). Historically, Korea, Italy, Japan, Portugal and Hong Kong were the top five 3G mobile economies in terms of 3G mobile penetration rate (ITU, 2006). According to the official ITU report, while the number one 3G nation, Korea, had a penetration rate as high as 25.95 percent, the number five country, Hong Kong, reached only about one third of Korea’s rate (8.19 percent). It is evident that there are significant regional differences in the number of 3G subscribers. While close to half of the 3G subscribers are located in the region of Asia, less than thirteen percent of them are in Europe. Pew Research Center’s Internet American Life Project finds that almost a third of American adults have used mobile devices to access the internet, and 19% of survey respondents had used a smartphone or other cell phone to access the internet the day before the survey (Horrigan, 2009). Pew Research found that for people ages 18-29, access to information on-the-go is a more important aspect of mobile technology (60%) than staying in touch with others (57%). Teenagers are slightly less likely to go online than using mobile devices than adults or undergraduate students, with only 27% reporting that they access the internet from their phones. Older teens, who have more disposable income to pay for mobile internet connectivity, are more likely to access the internet from mobile devices than younger teens (Lenhart, Ling, Campbell, Purcell, Kristen, 2010). Sakulsri Srisaracam, a lecturer at the Faculty of Communication Arts, Dhurakij Pundit University, said that with the 3G network, we will see an education everywhere at any time scenario. Lecturers and students will be always connected. They can download content, textbooks, and learning applications easily onto their mobile devices. They also can interact and keep in touch with the teachers. (The Nation, 2012) He also added if lecturers can develop innovative learning, which encourages and engages students to stay connected with learning via mobile devices, the 3G network will prove very beneficial. Mana Treelayapewat, deputy dean of Mass Communication Faculty at University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, said that 3G network availability will be good for education as it would help improve online learning with greater speed, especially if 3G network can reach the whole country. It will help bridge the gap in education of urban and rural students. (The Nation, 2012) EDUCAUSE surveyed undergraduate students regarding their use of internet using mobile devices. They found that half of the student respondents own a mobile device that can access the internet, but only a third of the students actually access the internet from this device (Smith et al., 2009) Cellular connections use the user’s cellular network to access the internet. Cellular connections can be used wherever the user has a phone signal, though often at slower speeds than WiFi networks. Most cellular connections currently use 3G technology, though carriers (and devices) are beginning to transition to 4G networks. Sprint’s HTC Evo released in March 2010 is the first 4G capable phone in the United States, though a good percentage of the country does not have 4G network access yet (Barrett, 2010). 4G networks are expected to be twice as fast as 3G (German, 2010), which opens up possibilities for faster mobile internet use and more reliable video streaming without relying on WiFi connections. People spend time on the mobile internet accessing web portals and social n etworks or blogs. Using portals has decreased by double digits, but social networking has increased significantly (Nielsen Wire, 2010). Naveed Siraj Country Manager Intel Pakistan said education needs could be facilitated to masses through 3G-technology as if its expected benefits to different sectors in the future. The education transformation is inevitable with the availability of relevant content for studies and on the other hand smartphones and tablets are in the reach of masses to connect with the world of information. (The Lahore Times, 2012) The attitudes, skills, and behaviors of the faculty members related to their IT use at a large Canadian research university. (Anderson et al., 1998) Based on Roger’s two major adopter categories, they defined the faculty members as â€Å"earlier adopters† and â€Å"mainstream faculty† and provided strategies for reducing the gap between these two groups. (Roger, 1995) Rogers also added that mainstream faculty used information technologies for research and professional communication applications. But their adoption of these applications in teaching was very low. For this reason, Rogers recommended that to increase mainstream faculty’s adoption of computer technologies for instructional purposes, the incentives, training programs, and barriers should be taken into account in comprehensive adoption strategies. Carter conducted a computer survey and in-depth interviews to determine computer-based technologies that were being used by the faculty members and the factors that affect their use of these technologies. Faculty attitudes toward using computer-based technology, support, resources, and training were the selected factors needed to use these technologies effectively. (Carter, 1998) The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been considered the most useful for predicting the acceptance of information technology in consumer context. The theoretical constructs of TAM consist of two basic determinants for attitudes to use a specific system: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. (Davis et al., 1989) Susan et al. examined students perceptions and their acceptance of implementing a laptop program by adopting Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical framework. (Susan et al., 2006) Cheong and Park adopted an extend TAM model to explore consumer’s determinant of acceptance behaviors in using the mobile internet. (Cheong and Park, 2005) The factors affecting students’ behavioral intention to use mobile learning based mainly on the TAM. (Park et al., 2011 and Fadare et al., 2011) Different types of studies were conducted to understand the factors affecting 3G adoption so far. In the study of Phuangthong and Malisawan, primarily aims to examine the factors affecting the user adoption in mobile learning of 3G mobile Internet technology in Thailand by using TAM. (Phuangthong and Malisawan, 2005) According to this study, user acceptance is examined by attitude towards use and intention to use, rather than actual use due to the fact that 3G technology. Research Methods: To find the applications of 3G technology in education sector, I conduct systematic comparative analysis through survey and qualitative method. Basically survey method focuses to improve quality and reducing cost. It seeks to ensure principles about the design, collection, processing and analysis of survey in connection to the cost and quality of survey estimates. As Groves and others said that, â€Å"survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession. Part of the task of a survey methodologist is making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it.† (Groves et al., 2009) The researchers frequently use qualitative method as their research purpose. Through the method data come in a variety of forms, such as notes made while observing in the field, interview transcripts, documents, diaries, and journals. According to Wimmer and Dominick, â€Å"qualitative researchers use an inductive method: Data are collected relevant to some topic and are grouped into appropriate and meaningful categories; explanations emerge from the data.† (Wimmer Dominick, 2011) To conduct this study I took 100 respondents. At first I selected the sample through stratified sampling on the basis of teachers and students, colleges and universities. In this regard I picked two colleges and two uni versities in Dhaka. Two colleges are Birsrestho Nur Muhammad Public College and Dhaka City College. And two universities are Dhaka University and Daffodil International University. In every institution I took five respondents from teachers and 20 from students. So the numbers of the teachers are 20 and the numbers of students are 80. â€Å"A stratified sample is the approach used to get adequate representation of a subsample. The characteristics of the subsample (strata or segment) may include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines. †¦ Stratified sampling ensures that a sample is drawn from a homogeneous subset of the population—that is, from a population that has similar characteristics.† (Wimmer Dominick, 2011, p-98) When I collect my data I took my respondents through random sampling. Randomly I picked 10 teachers from two colleges and 10 from the universities. And I took 80 students, 40 students from two colleges and another 40 from two universities. â€Å"The most basic type of probability sampling is the simple random sample, where each subject, element, event, or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected.† (Wimmer Dominick, 2011) He added that the most widely used random sampling method is a subject or unit is drawn from the population and removed from subsequent selections without replacement. In this study when I gathered data from 100 respondents of those colleges and universities, each teacher and student in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Critical Framework: In this study I followed the â€Å"Diffusion of Innovation Model† provided by communication scholar and sociologist Everett M. Rogers. Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system (Rogers, 2003). He added that, the study of the diffusion of innovations began during World War II, prior to the establishment of communication study in university schools and departments. To an individual or other unit of adoption an innovation is an idea, practice, or object perceived as new. The diffusion process typically involves both mass media and interpersonal communication channels. And, in today’s world, information technologies such as the Internet and cell phones – which combine aspects of mass media and interpersonal channels, represent formidable tools of diffusion (Morris Ogan, 1996). Most of the observers agree that the diffusion of innovations is fundamentally a communication process; communication scholars constitute only one of the dozen research traditions presently advancing the diffusion field (along with geography, education, marketing, public health, rural sociology, agricultural economics, general economics, political science, and others). Other communication research areas such as persuasion and attitude change and mass communication effects also began prior to the institutionalization of communication study in university units (Rogers, 1962, 1983, 1995; 2003; Singhal Dearing, 2006). For convenience in understanding diffusion research results, the continuous variable of innovativeness is often divided into adopter categories, such as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers, 1983). Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory is the most appropriate for investigating the adoption of technology in higher educatio n and educational environments (Medlin, 2001; Parisot, 1995). In fact, much diffusion research involves technological innovations so Rogers usually used the word â€Å"technology† and â€Å"innovation† as synonyms. For Rogers, â€Å"a technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome† (Rogers, 2003, p-13). In this study purpose I took the first one ‘innovators’. According to Rogers, innovators were willing to experience new ideas. Thus, they should be prepared to cope with unprofitable and unsuccessful innovations, and a certain level of uncertainty about the innovation. (Rogers, 2003) Also, Rogers added that innovators are the gatekeepers bringing the innovation in from outside of the system. Technology adoption process inaugurates with a tiny number of visionary, imaginative innovators. They often lavish great time, energy and creativity on developing new ideas and gadgets. And they love to talk about them. Diffusion of innovations research promises to enhance our understanding of how social change occurs, a fundamental issue for all scholars of society. What is the role of technology in bringing about social change? One way to find out is through diffusion research, a micro level type of study of the macro level issue of social change. Scholarly interest in new communication technologies by communication students has given a special boost to interest in diffusion research in recent years. There is no reason to expect that the scholarly popularity of diffusion research by communication (and other) scholars will decrease in the foreseeable future. Innovations continue to be generated and studied. Meyer, G. (2004).Mobile phone

Ageism in the Workplace Essay -- Age Discrimination

Age discrimination has long been present in society due to the rapid development happening around us. According to Farney, Aday & Breault (2006), this era of ageism is defined as "discrimination against any age group", but it often is pointed to age discrimination among adults which is slowly causing a negative effect for them in the workplace. In the workplace, adults with more experience and longer history behind them are targets of this ageism belief that companies and employers tend to have (Farney, Aday, & Breault, 2006). They are shunned and even fired in favor of accepting new and fresh faces for the company they have worked for. Unknown to most companies and employers, this notion of favoring the young and banishing the old can cause them a lot of losses in terms of business, economy and individually if this continues on. For this paper, it is my fervent belief that this concept of age discrimination in the workplace can be stopped if there is a proper decorum on addressing t he importance of older employees in the workforce and the discussion of the possible consequences of continuing this age discrimination practice and how revise the current recruitment system so that employees are given equal opportunities and not fire them just because of their ages. The problem of age discrimination especially in the older generation is not a new issue as it has been around for quite a long time. Segrave (2001) noted that most workers are deemed old if they reach their forties in the early nineteenth century. Employers and companies would already start firing people just because of this particular notion on age. Employees find this idea ludicrous and insulting as they are judged just because of their age and some would file charges ... ...younger generation would also feel this stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice once they step in the age where they can be classified as part of the older generation. The problem of age discrimination is a long cycle of problems that all members of society would face in some point of their lives. Now that everyone is taking good interest of worker rights, they would realize that this old notion of age discrimination is still happening and they would stop at nothing to get rid of the problem before they experience it themselves. Once this problem is resolved and eliminated, not only would the older generation benefit from it but also the society in general. Everyone must be given a chance to work on their professions even in their golden years, as long as they are happy and stress free because of the lack of discrimination on their age, we should let them be.

Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime

Psychological Explanation of the Causes of Crime Psychological pertaining to the mind or to mental phenomena as the subject matter of psychology. – To account for criminal motivation in people, criminologists have used various psychology theories that attempt to explain human intellectual and emotional development. These theories can be divided into three categories: a. Moral Development Theories describe a sequence of developmental stages that people pass through when acquiring the capacity to make moral judgments.According to these theorists, this development process may or may not completed and people who remain unable to recognize right from wrong will be more likely to engage in inappropriate, deviant, or even criminal behavior. b. Social Learning Theories emphasize the process of learning and internalizing moral codes. Learning theorists note different patterns of rewards and sanctions that affect this process. c. Personal Theories assume a set of enduring perceptions an d predisposition’s (tendencies) that each individual develops through early socialization.These theorists propose that certain predisposition’s or personality traits, such as impulsiveness or extroversion, increase the chances of criminal behavior. -In contrast to biological and hereditary theories, there are a variety of psychological explanations for crime and emphasize the importance of personality and its role in criminal and delinquent behavior. Some psychological theories stress the importance of mental processes, childhood experiences, and unconscious thoughts. Others stress the importance of social learning or human perception. Types of Psychological Theories: a.Psychiatric Criminology (Forensic Psychiatry) -Theories derived from the medical sciences, including neurology, and which, like other psychological theories focus on the individual as the unit of analysis. Psychiatric theories form the basis of psychiatric criminology. While forensic psychiatry is that branch of psychiatry having to do with the study of crime and criminality. -David Abrahamsen, a psychiatrist explains crime â€Å"antisocial behavior is a direct expression of an aggression or may be a direct or indirect manifestation of distorted erotic drive,† -Envisions a complex et of drives and motives operating from recesses deep within the personality to determine behavior. *Psychopath or Sociopath -A person with a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior, which is often said to be the result of a poorly developed superego. Hervey Cleckley described the psychopath as a â€Å"moral idiot†. Or as one who does not feel empathy with others, even though he or she may be fully cognizant of what is objectively happening around them. Characteristic of the Psychopathic Personality 1. An absence of delusions, hallucinations, or other sign of psychosis. . The inability to feel quilt or shame 3. Unreliability 4. Chronic lying 5. Su perficial Charm 6. Above-average Intelligence 7. Ongoing antisocial behavior 8. Inability to learn from experience 9. Self-centeredness *Antisocial or Asocial Personality -Refers to individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behavior brings them repeatedly into conflict with society. They are incapable of significant loyalty to individuals, groups, or social values. They are grossly selfish, callous, irresponsible, impulsive, and unable to feel guilt or to learn from experience and punishment.Frustration tolerance is low. They tend to blame others or offer plausible rationalization for their behavior. b. Psychoanalytic Perspective – A psychiatric approach developed by the Austrian Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud emphasizes the role of personality in human behavior and which sees deviant behavior as the result of dysfunctional personalities. According to Freud, the personality is comprised of three components: ID- is that fundamental aspect of the personality from which d rives, wishes urges, and desires emanate.The ID is direct and singular in purpose. It operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking full and immediate gratification of its needs. Individuals, however, were said to rarely be fully aware of the urges that percolate up (occasionally into awareness) from the id, because it is a largely unconscious region of the mind. -the  part  of  the  psyche,  residing  in  the  unconscious,  that  is  the source   of  instinctive  impulses  that  seek  satisfaction  in  accordance with  the  pleasure  principle   and  are  modified  by  the  ego  and  the superego  before  they  are  given  overt  expressionEGO- The reality-testing part of the personality; also referred to as the reality principle. More formally, it is the personality component that is conscious, more immediately controls behavior, and is most in touch with external reality. For Freud, the ego was primar ily concerned with how objectives might be best accomplished. The EGO tends to effect strategies for the individual that maximize pleasure and minimize pain. It lays out the various paths of action that can lead to wish fulfillment. The EGO inherently recognizes that it may be necessary to delay gratification to achieve a more fulfilling long term-goal. the  part  of  the  psychic  apparatus  that experiences  and  reacts  to  the   outside world  and  thus mediates  between  the  primitive  drives  of  the  id  and  the demands   of  the  social  and  physical  environment. SUPEREGO- The moral aspect of the personality; much like the conscience. More formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience. -the  part  of  the  personality  representing  the  conscience,   formed  in earl y  life  by  internalization  of  the  standards  of  parents  and  other models  of behavior. c.Frustration- Aggression Theory – Holds that frustration is a natural consequence of living a root cause of crime. Criminal behavior can be a form of adaptation when it results in stress reduction. *Alloplastic Adaptation- That form of adjustment which results from changes in the environment surrounding an individual. *Autoplastic Adaptation- That form of adjustment, which results from, changes with an individual. d. Behavior Theory -Behavior theory has sometimes called â€Å"stimulus-response approach to human behavior†, that is determined by environmental consequences which it produces for the individual concerned.When an individual’s behavior results in rewards, or in receipt of feedback which the individual, for whatever reason, regards as rewarding, then it is likely that the behavior in question is said to be reinforced. Conversely, when pu nishment follows behavior, chances are that the frequency of that type of behavior will decrease. *Operant Behavior- behavior which affects the environment in such a way as to produce responses or further behavioral cues. *Reward- desirable behavioral likely to increase the frequency of occurrence of that behavior. Punishment- undesirable behavioral consequences likely to decrease the frequency of occurrence of that behavior. -Rewards and punishments have been divided into four conceptual categories: 1. Positive Rewards- Which increase the frequency of approved behavior by adding something desirable to the situation. 2. Negative Rewards- Which increase the frequency of approved behavior by removing something distressful from the situation. 3. Positive Punishment- which decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior by adding something undesirable to the situation. . Negative Punishment- Which decreases the frequency of unwanted behavior by removing something desirable from the situatio n. e. Psychology of crime -talking about the behavior of a person who commit crime. 1. Self Concept The self-concept has been identified as a very important aspect in human life: a person must be able to have respect for himself; to be â€Å"his own best friend†. This is how a person sees himself. If a person believes that he is worthless, and that society does not care what happens to him, this attitude (self-perception) may well lead to crime. . Stress Stress can lead to irrational conduct, even to crime. If a person labors under severe emotional distress, that person may feel compelled to act in socially unacceptable manners. Stress has become a major problem in modern life, leading to broken families and deviant behavior. 3. Aggression Aggression and violence often go together. Aggression can be defined as any form of behavior aimed at the partial or total, literal or figurative, destruction of an object or person. The word â€Å"violence† is used to describe acts of aggression. 4. DepressionDepression can be a psychosis and also a neurosis. A psychosis is a severe mental illness in which insight was lost. Persons with psychotic depression might believe that the sins of the world are upon them, and that they are a burden to society. In the case of a neurotic depression, insight will be retained. A person suffering from depression may believe that life is pointless, so that he might as well â€Å"escape† to criminality. 5. Mental Aberrations The most important mental aberrations are the psychoses, which are severe mental illnesses; notably paranoia and schizophrenia.There are also the neuroses; anxiety states, obsessional compulsive states, hysterical neuroses, dissociative states and neurotic depressions. There are also organic psychoses; where the mental illness flows from an organic defect in the body of the patient. It is not difficult to see that any of these conditions could lead to deviant behavior. 6. Personality disorders Psych opathy, addictions and deviances can be listed under personality disorders. Once there is a disintegration of personality, deviant behavior can be expected. Many serious crimes are committed by persons whose personalities do not conform with the norms accepted by society.

Advertising Practices in the US and the UK Essay

In spite of the many cultural similarities between the United States and the United Kingdom, there are significant differences between American and British television advertising. Advertising content in the two countries is substantially different today, even though early British television adverts had a tendency to be made in the American style, and supported by American research methodologies, when television advertising was introduced into British culture in 1955 (Lannon, 1986). Although several differences in the two countries’ television advertising practices have been identified in previous research, this study focuses on one in particular: difference in ad content. This research sets out to discuss said differences in ad content and explores the motivations for these differences. This discussion will examine specific media groups in two different societies and discuss their differences, contributing to developing an understanding of different kinds of media practices. Comparing advertising practices in the United States and United Kingdom is relevant for several reasons: because both countries are highly developed industrial consumer societies, consequently, the same categories of consumer products would be expected to appear in both countries; the British system of regulating TV advertising has been regarded superior to the American approach (Buell, 1977); the deep-seated and widespread belief in the United Kingdom that British culture and American culture are both individually based on different assumptions that are reflected in their respective advertising practices (Weinberger & Spotts, 1989a). Advertising Defined â€Å"Advertising – apart from its more or less hidden purposes – is a form of communication between a sender and a receiver of a message† (Borrelli, 2010). Advertising is deemed as the business of â€Å"bringing into notice; spec. by paid announcement in a printed journal, by prominent display of placards, etc† (Online Oxford English Dictionary), an activity to â€Å"the action of calling something to the attention of the public especially by paid announcements† (Merriam Webster Online). It does not matter whether the advertised item is a product, a service or a better version of ourselves (Myers, 1994). According to Sherry (1987), â€Å"advertising is a system of symbols synthesized from the entire range of culturally determined ways of knowing that is accessible through ritual and oriented toward both secular and sacred dimensions of transcendental experience in hyperindustrial society†(pp. 443-444). McLuhan (1970) refers to it as the cave art of the twentieth century. As art, Williams (1980) perceives advertising as the official art of modern capitalist society, Feasley (1984) as fitting the definition of art by its enrichment and intensification of life, as well as a reflection of our lives, and Borghini, Visconti, Anderson & Sherry (2010) as matching the tendency of art to embody universal fantasies, feelings, and thoughts advertising expresses the rational and emotional experiences and moods of consumers. In his analysis of advertising, Schudson (1984) describes advertising as capitalist realism, which he defines as a set of aesthetic practices promoting and celebrating a certain political economy. Schudson’s (1984) description comes from his understanding of socialist realism, which presents a standard version of reality that is simplified, collective, optimistic, progressive, and socially integrative. Capitalist realism celebrates the choice of the consumer in defense of materialism and individualism by representing consumer satisfaction as an idealized form. â€Å"‘Advertising is capitalism’s way of saying â€Å"I love you† to itself’—(and, as we all know, love means never having to say you’re sorry) (Weinberger & Spotts, 1989a, pp. 44). † Accordingly, Csikszentmihalyi & Rochberg-Halton (1981) say that advertising promotes forms of materialism that are instrumental as well as terminal. Advertising works at the level of semiology to provide goods with meaning, and at the level of semiotics to bring together domestic and political economies into a culture whose dominant force is consumption. By teaching the meaning of and use of goods, advertising helps create understanding; it helps make the categories of culture stable and visible (Douglas & Isherwood, 1979). Semiology is the study of signs and symbols from a general point of view, and through its different meanings, semiotics, by defining a framework, analyzes the signs within this framework and through differentiation with other elements, allows one to make a selection and be more precise in the understanding of the meaning (Depaux, 2011). Semiology and semiotics are especially useful in examining the communication of messages (Ashwin, 1984). Symbols create a culture’s worldview and philosophy. A cultural system acts as both a model of and a model for reality. Advertising can then be seen to shape and reflect reality. Thus, advertising can be viewed as a cultural system, and individual advertisements as a performance exhibiting the larger system (Sherry, 1987). Although research on this topic is underdeveloped (Borghini et al. , 2010), McCracken (1988) says that advertising messages have a cultural meaning in everyday life. Additionally, Elliot (1997) and Willis (1990) discuss advertising as a cultural product consumed symbolically by consumers independently of the products being advertised. So, as British and American cultures are both based on different assumptions (Carey, 1975; Lannon, 1986), and as advertising can be viewed as a cultural system, the two respective cultures (American and British) are mirrored in their respective advertising. Effects of Culture How does television advertising content in the United States and the United Kingdom reflect cultural differences? Consumers in different countries have different ways of deciding which brands to purchase (Zaichkowsky & Sood, 1989), and they have different attitudes about advertising (Durvasala, S. Andrews, J. C. , Lyonski, S. , & Netemeyer, R. G. , 1993). These different ways of doing and thinking about things is called culture; it is the complex of values, ideas, attitudes, and other meaningful symbols that allow persons to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of a society (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1995). Every culture is a complex web of social relations, religious beliefs, languages and consumption attitudes and habits. All of which impact how advertising is delivered and received by society members (Tse, Belk & Zhou, 1989). Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) conducted a study that examined how commercials in Malaysia were impacted by globalization. As a part of their research, they made use of ten consumer culture constructs that were developed by Harris and Morgan (1987) and later adapted by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (1990) to rationalize how advertising is effective in creating our culture. According to Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) these constructs are â€Å"projected† (p. 36) into advertisements. The constructs are: 1) sense of self and space, 2) communication and language, 3) dress and appearance, 4) food and feeling habits, 5) time and time consciousness, 6) relationships, 7) value and norms, 8) beliefs and attitudes, 9) mental processes and learning and 10) work habits and practices. Alden, Steenkamp and Batra (1999) support the existence and use of these constructs with their culture positioning theory that implies that, as a rule there are three brand positioning strategies used in advertising strategies, specifically the Local, Foreign and Global Consumer Culture Positioning (LCCP, FCCP, and GCCP). Those behaviors are categorized in the form of identification in advertisements to whether they are local, foreign or global in terms of brand positioning† (Abd. Rahim & Osman, 2005, p. 36). The ten culture constructs paired with the culture positioning theory further sustain the advertising as a cultural system concept and shed light on the cultural reasons behind the differences in advertising content across geographical boundaries. Abd. Rahim and Osman (2005) suggest that the most profound effect of advertising upon consumers is in creating a culture that values the pursuit of certain lifestyles. David Slayden (1999) offers a complementary view to Abd. Rahim and Osman’s (2005) assessment of advertising effects: advertising identifies the important myths, symbols, and stories of culture and associates them with a product or service. Initially, British advertising often mirrored American ad experience. During this time, commercials were highly â€Å"unsuited to British tastes† (Nevett, 1992, p. 65). Commercials were being branded as intrusive. British television in the 50s was drastically different from American television; it had only one channel (BBC1) and saturation was low, only 16 percent coverage of private homes (Moskowitz, 1953). The introduction of commercial television into British life was a public corporation with a charter from the government, Independent Television Authority (ITV) (Burdett, 1955). ITV was proposed with the intention to set new standards of technical excellence, â€Å"bring â€Å"new verve into political discussions, improve the pace, and revive personality† (Burdett, 1955, p. 184). The BBC channel was inadequate, to say the least. As a service without a rival, it has tended to coast along†¦when it comes to drama and popular entertainment, one misses the technical proficiency and the pace and brightness of American TV productions†¦the accidents that happen on BBC television are startling to an American viewer. No one seems dismayed here if transmission breaks down and the screen goes black for five minutes. No one seems surprised if a program runs over for fifteen or twenty minutes; and if you see a news anchor talking, but there’s no voice—well that happens too. From time to time, the stagehands will wander out in front of the camera. Its all very casual†¦announcers are supposed to be as devoid of personality as conceivably possible. (Burdett, 1955, pp. 183-184) Also during this time, opinion leaders were opposed to the commercialization of British television: â€Å"The TV monster†¦would bring in its wake a host of undesirable things—the debasement of taste, the corruption of youth, the breakdown of law, and a huckster’s riot of vulgarity† (Burdett, 1955, p. 180). Lord Reith compared commercial television to smallpox, the Black Death, and the Bubonic Plague; when approved by Parliament in 1955, it did so against fierce opposition in the House of Lords (Nevett, 1992). British advertising then underwent a evolution during the 60s and 70s in an effort to infuse ‘Britishness’ (Dickason, 2000, p. 162) into their advertising practices, and additionally to revoke Americanization of British television. In an effort to sell a product and entertain a viewer at the same time, the advertiser â€Å"accepted that he was an unwanted visitor in peoples homes; if they were to let him in at all, or to let him return regularly, then he had better behave politely, quietly, and entertainingly† (Garrett, 1986). British advertising began to employ understated humor and a soft-sell approach, and had begun to make frequent use of features inherent in British culture, such as the persistence of class separation and affection for eccentricity (Nevett, 1992). Soft sell focuses predominantly on the entertainment factor of commercials and is considered noninvasive. As opposed to British advertising, American advertising techniques implore a hard-sell approach. This hard sell approach focuses on disseminating information and pressuring the consumer to buy.

Economic overview of BRICS †Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Example

Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Essay Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA Name: Course: Date: Economic overview of BRICS – Country Assessment-INDIA In 2003, the American Investment Bank Goldman Sachs introduced the term BRIC to their economic papers in an economic report. This acronym is used by the organization when referring to four nations including Brazil, Russia, India and China. In accordance with the report, BRIC countries have the potential of becoming the leading economic powers along with Japan and the United States come year 2050 (Kumar, 2011). The report forecast maintains that BRIC countries will exhibit increased capital demand, higher returns, and stronger currencies. Furthermore, the research revealed the risk ratings for each country, business environment opportunities, and a thorough examination on exports, imports, GDP, and PDI. India Current Situation Goldman Sachs established that India was the second largest nation in terms of the global economy in 1777 with a twenty percent contribution to the global economic output. However, the late 1970s saw the countries economic contribution plummet to three percent due to two centuries of a stagnated economy. In 1991, India implemented new strategies that were designed to reduce obstacles on economic freedom. Since this strategy was implemented, India has been among the rapid growing economies globally (Kumar, 2011). Goldman Sachs forecasts that India bears the potential of raising its economy by a twenty percent margin come year 2020. The key factor to this prediction lies with the resilience of India’s government to maintain its strategic policies on growth implementation and support. The fundamental point behind the economic growth in India is regarded as the result of manufacturing industry productivity since 2003. This growth has also led to the rise in efficiency of private firms. The speed of transitional growth in India can now be compared to other nations in East Asia. The underlying factors amounting to the increase in efficiency have been attributed to favoring trends within international trade, financial sector growth, adoption and investments in information technology and communication. These positive effects on the Indian economy are also results of the implemented reforms across the decades. In addition, the relocation of labor, land, and capital resources from the dwindling agriculture sector to the high producing, service industry has in particular sustained growth and development of India’s economy. Trade openness, information technology investments, construction of highways, cheaper credit have all boosted the returns of the service industry (Kumar, 2011). These processes form the initial stages of development in India and are the dictating factors on the Goldman Sachs’ economic forecast on the Indian nation. Five Year Economic Forecast to 2016 – India India’s GDP had decline be 2.7 percent as at 2011, and its resurgence has been slow through 2012. The industrial output has been weak but minimum wage has risen by 51.1 percent. Investments from loan savings are expected to grow, and business and household loans have doubled in terms of GDP (Preuss, 2012). However, the manufacturing industry in India continues to slump with the latest output data showing a .05 Percent fall. The fastest growth rate was exhibited in printing, reproduction, and publishing of recording media with a remarkable 54.3 percent rise (Preuss, 2012). From this trend, it has been established that GDP is expected to have a growth of 7 percent in the by the end of next year with an average growth rate of 8 percent every year from 2012 to 2016. This rate of growth will be mainly driven by private investment and consumption. The table below shows India’s GDP forecast from 2012 to 2016 in US billion dollars. 201220132014201520164,824.5515,254.5805,734.5796,276.2426,873.984 Country Risk Rating The Indian economy has exhibited a slow growth rate after a long period of monetary, tightening policy and inflation. Growth has only registered 5 percent between January and March 2012, the lowest growth level in nine years (Preuss, 2012). Throughout 2012, growth rate is expected to remain stagnant and far below its average. The policy on relaxing money implemented earlier in 2012 may not have a significant effect because of inflation and concerns for diminishing value of the rupee. The balanced structure between consumption and investment – which explains the country’s success- is beginning to stall. The manufacturing sector is expected to exhibit declined performance but services industry will maintain its dynamic performance (2012). Regional elections held in the countries five states ultimately slowed structural reforms on the tax system, infrastructures, and education. Moreover, government shortcomings cripple the country’s progress through corruption. Several scandals were made public most notably with the commonwealth games and forwarding licenses for telephone mobiles. Furthermore, India faces internal divisions, external security threats including terrorist threats, state-level disputes, and insurrection movements. Combined with weaknesses in policy implementation, these risks imply that the progress of India in terms of growth will be stifled and may rank lowest among the rest of the BRIC countries. Regarding the other three BRIC countries, Brazil bases its strengths on readily available business information, a successful legal environment, accepted business regulatory quality, and capable workforce. Deficient infrastructure however remains the main weakness for Brazil. In China, access to financial information is often opaque and difficult to obtain and in some cases, the reliability of accounts is poor. The protection offered by the legal environment is only provided to foreign creditors in particular. The workforce is relatively trained and the infrastructure is satisfactory. In Russia, they rest their main strength on general skills with the civil service offering general efficiency. Creditors are offered little security by the legal environment. The business environment is undermined by poor law enforcement. Furthermore, transparency regarding ownership and information remain inadequate. According to Goldman Sachs, the BRIC countries are in engaging in efforts aimed at turning their weaknesses into opportunities and fueling their strengths to boost their economy. India will focus on following up on policy implementation and quelling corruption scandals that plague the country. Brazil plans build on its infrastructure including communication, schools, and roads. These kinds of projects will boost the economy and provide employment for the capable workforce. China mainly plans to make its legal environment favorable foreign creditors to encourage investments within the country. Russia on the other hand aims to harness the skills of its workforce and strive to quell poor law enforcement on policy management. Goldman Sachs establishes that these factors were put into consideration hence giving rise to the forecasted economic status of the BRIC countries. Trillion US $ 2012 GDP 2016 GDP 2012 PDI2016 PDI2012 IMPORTS 2016 IMPORTS 2012 EXPORTS 2016 EXPORTS Brazil718952 8456751346355321Russia9171232 7057858966867618India10111411 18174233321808928868China33164754 12229186001357818975 India Business Environment Rating Progress is expected in efforts aimed at simplifying the country’s burdensome tax policy and this along with the manufacturing industry, will remain the weakest business environment areas in India. A sluggish pace in reforms and shortages, in skilled labor, will continue to weaken the country’s investment environment. Furthermore, the repercussions of the global crisis experienced in 2008 are still visible through slow development of the financial sector and limited resources for improving the nation’s infrastructure, education and healthcare (Preuss, 2012). However, the forecast period maintains that India’s business environment will become favorable. The Indian government will ultimately become more selective when granting access to foreign firms within the country. Highly resourceful countries have greater advantages of acquiring easy access to current technological trends. Considering this premise, it is imperative that developing countries such as India double their efforts towards maximizing their opportunities associated with offers based on E-business. In this current age, nations with low resource levels are capable of accelerating their development. A combination of this development with ICT- based infrastructure will open opportunities in knowledge-based economies. India falls under this category since it is a developing nation with reliable resources. Therefore, should the country work towards quelling factors that hinder its development, it would be ready to engage in E- business. Tradeoff According to Motamen-Samadian (2009), trading the country risk degree versus business environment ratings for India in terms of market size would involve evaluating the limit of potential return from India: country’s current size and state characteristics that may hinder development. This would be followed by assessing the risks hindering the potential returns. This would involve an evaluation of the political, economic and business environment that offer uncertainty regarding the realization of the potential returns. Tradeoff would therefore, be achieved by balancing these two variables. Trading the country risk degree versus business environment ratings for India in terms of market growth would involve concentrating on the role of country risk and institutional indicators in predicting the financial performance of India. Country risk rating has a negative association with its financial performance. Therefore, trading off would be achieved by balancing productivity against profitability of the country. Reference Kumar, N., Asheulova, N. (2011). Comparative analysis of BRIC countries. Annals of Library and Information Studies, 58, (3), 228-236. Motamen-Samadian, S. (2009). Risk management in emerging markets. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Preuss, L., Barkemeyer, R. (2012). Emerging country economies: is India a different shape of BRIC?. Corporate Governance, 11, (4), 371-385.

Causes of Teenage Obesity

Also, while obesity can be problem at different stages of life (for example, even a 7 year old child can classed as obese), most eating disorders are related to the teenage years. Obesity amongst children is one of the growing health concerns for parents across the world and this health risk is growing at an alarming rate. Research indicates that most obese children grow up to be obese adults. There are several factors that lead to obesity. Below are some of the key causes of obesity: Physical inactivity: This is one of the biggest causes of teenage obesity. Associated essay: Teenagers and Their Leisure Time With teenagers spending most of their time in front of the television, playing computer games or on mobiles with their friends and lack of interest in extra-curricular activities after school or college and lack of exercise are some of the key causes of teenage obesity. Bad eating habits: Another big reason for teenage obesity is bad eating habits. The surge in the consumption of high fat foods like burgers, chips, fizzy drinks and fries has already been condemned and treated as one of the main causes of child obesity. Genetic Patterns Family Behaviour: Genetic patterns and family behaviours are also important causes of obesity and it is difficult to separate the two. Whilst the probability of obese parents having obese children is around 30%, it is also true that obese parents often have poor eating habits and condone poor family nutrition, resulting in overweight kids. Chemical or hormonal imbalances: Another major reason for obesity, especially amongst teenagers, is hormonal changes. Teenagers undergo significant hormonal changes as they reach puberty, which could trigger cravings for certain foods or over-consumption of food. Lower metabolism: Some teenagers have the tendency to retain or conserve body energy and this trait is easily visible from early childhood, where growth milestones in a child seem to be much quicker than usual. The first two reasons outlined above (lack of physical activity and lack of proper diet) are the primary reasons for obesity amongst teenagers. As parents, you need o take your teenager’s obesity issue very seriously and get medical and professional help if you see your child being unable to partake in any sport or physical activity or if school/college authorities express concern over their weight or feel that your teenager is overweight. In the book â€Å"Solving Teenage Problems†, several tips to deal with teenage obesity have been provided. Along with this the book also touches upon various eating disorders, which can lead to teenage obesity – their causes and tips to solve them. Causes of Teenage Obesity Also, while obesity can be problem at different stages of life (for example, even a 7 year old child can classed as obese), most eating disorders are related to the teenage years. Obesity amongst children is one of the growing health concerns for parents across the world and this health risk is growing at an alarming rate. Research indicates that most obese children grow up to be obese adults. There are several factors that lead to obesity. Below are some of the key causes of obesity: Physical inactivity: This is one of the biggest causes of teenage obesity. Associated essay: Teenagers and Their Leisure Time With teenagers spending most of their time in front of the television, playing computer games or on mobiles with their friends and lack of interest in extra-curricular activities after school or college and lack of exercise are some of the key causes of teenage obesity. Bad eating habits: Another big reason for teenage obesity is bad eating habits. The surge in the consumption of high fat foods like burgers, chips, fizzy drinks and fries has already been condemned and treated as one of the main causes of child obesity. Genetic Patterns Family Behaviour: Genetic patterns and family behaviours are also important causes of obesity and it is difficult to separate the two. Whilst the probability of obese parents having obese children is around 30%, it is also true that obese parents often have poor eating habits and condone poor family nutrition, resulting in overweight kids. Chemical or hormonal imbalances: Another major reason for obesity, especially amongst teenagers, is hormonal changes. Teenagers undergo significant hormonal changes as they reach puberty, which could trigger cravings for certain foods or over-consumption of food. Lower metabolism: Some teenagers have the tendency to retain or conserve body energy and this trait is easily visible from early childhood, where growth milestones in a child seem to be much quicker than usual. The first two reasons outlined above (lack of physical activity and lack of proper diet) are the primary reasons for obesity amongst teenagers. As parents, you need o take your teenager’s obesity issue very seriously and get medical and professional help if you see your child being unable to partake in any sport or physical activity or if school/college authorities express concern over their weight or feel that your teenager is overweight. In the book â€Å"Solving Teenage Problems†, several tips to deal with teenage obesity have been provided. Along with this the book also touches upon various eating disorders, which can lead to teenage obesity – their causes and tips to solve them.

Quotes about education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quotes about education - Assignment Example A higher education blesses a person with techniques and tactics that can be effectively utilized to deal with the daily life agenda in a much efficient way, even if it involves stealing. The minor act of stealing from a freight car without education can be improvised into obtaining a legal hold on the entire railroad with education in addition to acquiring a stronghold in foreign policy. So the importance of education cannot be better emphasized than this quote. The author was a lawyer and a politician by profession and therefore was in a better position to understand the significance of formal education. The author, Ralph Waldo Emerson, lies due importance on the self-esteem of the pupil; this self-esteem plays a pivotal role for a student’s power of grasping the essence of education. Respecting the student provides him/ her with a self-confidence and motivation which drives them towards better accomplishment of study goals and objectives. A person who is drowning in self-pity and underestimation can never reach the aptitude required for a bright career. The author specialized in Western